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220 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 3.—Selmes absurdipes, n. gen., n. sp. Paratype, ME 313. Coated with ammonium chloride. Scale=2 cm. Photo, Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, S. Trankner. leus copiosus Houde and Olson (1992, fig. 2). Most probably there was a septum nasi, otherwise it would be difficult to interpret the amorphous bony matter filling the nostril; however, a fragment of a strap-like structure might be a part of the palatinum. The dorsal outline of the rostrum maxillae is only moderately curved. The mandibula seems to be slightly more robust than the specimens figured by Houde and Olson (1992). There are no fenestrae mandibulae; some organic matter and shadows (Figures 1, 2) simulate apertures, but there are none. Measurements are as follows: maximal skull length 37.5 mm; nostril length 7.5 mm; mandibula length 26.5 mm. Apparatus hyobranchialis: A considerable number of fragments of this structure are preserved. The paraglossum and the rostral end of the basihyale cannot be seen. The basihyale is rather broad and is not fused with the urohyale. The latter is a slender bone, tapering caudally, about 3.5 mm long. The right ceratobranchiale is completely preserved (6 mm long, rostralend diameter 1 mm), whereas the caudal ends of both epibranchialia are lost (length of preserved part of right epibranchiale 6 mm, rostral-end diameter 0.5 mm). Vertebrae: Although many vertebrae are preserved, they are very deformed and are almost useless for diagnostic purposes. Even their exact number cannot be ascertained. In the paratype the last free thoracic can be measured ventrally (length 3.5 mm). The synsacrum consists very probably of 11 vertebrae. There are at least five free caudal vertebrae. The pygostyle is not preserved.
NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed fragments of four left ribs can be seen in the paratype. No processus uncinati can be detected. Sternum: Pieces of the sternum are preserved only in the paratype. They are badly crushed, covering as a thin layer parts of the ribs and femur. Furcula: The furcula is thin and U-shaped. There is no hypocleideum. In both specimens the dorsal ends of this bone are insufficiently preserved. The thickness of the scapus is continuously about 1 mm. Coracoideum: In the holotype, fragments of the coracoids are deformed past recognition. In the paratype they are in better condition. They have a slender shaft and a rather small extremitas omalis. The presence of a processus procoracoideus is uncertain. Unfortunately, the lateral and medial parts of the extremitates sternales are only partly preserved. What can be seen, especially from the left coracoid of the paratype, suggests abroad sternal extremity. Maximal length of the coracoid is approximately 16 mm. Scapula: Parts of the left scapula of the holotype and of both scapulae of the paratype are preserved. All three bones have an even, ribbon-like shape, without any terminal enlargement. They are 1.6-1.7 mm broad. The cranial extremities are hidden by other bones. Humerus: All humeri have the cranial surfaces exposed. They are robust, slightly curved, and approach in shape the humerus of Anneavis Houde and Olson, 1992, but have the tuberculum dorsale and epicondylus dorsalis less prominent (fide Houde and Olson, 1992, fig. 8). The length is 21 mm and the midshaft width is 3 mm. Ulna: The ulna is stout, only slightly curved, and of the same length as the humerus or slightly shorter. Radius: The radius is straight and robust. The extremities are not well preserved. Os carpi radiale and o. c. ulnare: In the holotype a deformed ossicle attached to the distal end of the left ulna might be the o. c. ulnare, and both carpalia are preserved in the right hand of the holotype and in the left hand of the paratype. Their condition is so bad, however, that no useful details can be detected. Carpometacarpus: This is a robust bone. Apparently, the processus extensorius was only moderately protuberant. No processus intermetacarpalis is present. The proximal end of the os metacarpale minus has a rectangular flange projecting ventrally. A blurred structure in the paratype suggests that this flange might have been perforated, as in Coracias garrulus Linnaeus. The length is 14-15 mm, and the distal-end width is 4.5 mm. Digitus alulae: In the holotype a small ossicle at the tip of the digit of the left hand very probably represents the second phalanx of this digit. The length of the first phalanx is 6 mm. Digitus major: The proximal phalanx is not fenestrated and approaches the shape of that of Passeriformes. Measurements are as follows: phalanx proximalis length 6 mm, distal-end width 3 mm; phalanx distalis length 6 mm. Digitus minor: The only phalanx is robust; it has a triangular outline and is about 3 mm long. Pelvis: The small fragments in the paratype suggest that the pelvis was rather wide. Inferring from the position of the femora, the distance between the acetabula was about 11-12 mm. Femur: No precise morphological details of this bone can be imparted. Its length is about 20 mm. Tibiotarsus: This is a slender, straight bone. In the holotype the cranial aspect of the right tibiotarsus is exposed; in the paratype the lateral side of the left tibiotarsus can be seen. The latter one is broken near the distal end, and both fragments have slipped together. In the holotype, part of the proximal end can be seen. Apparently, the cristae cnemiales were not very prominent, similar to the condition in Coracias. The distal end in both specimens is very deformed. The length is 30 mm, and the midshaft width is 3 mm. Fibula: Not preserved. Tarsometatarsus: The tarsometatarsus also is comparatively slender and straight. In the holotype both tarsometatarsi have the dorsal aspect exposed, the left one in a reversed position. In the paratype the left tarsometatarsus is exposed lateroplantarly. Although the bones are plastically deformed, it can be seen that they had a small hypotarsus and an unusually small trochleae. Both the distal and the proximal ends of the bone are only slightly broader than the shaft. The length is 20-21.5 mm. Ossa digitorum pedis: In the holotype the entire set of toes is preserved; in the paratype only the toes of the left foot can be seen in their plantar and partly lateral aspect. In the right foot of the holotype and the left one of the paratype, the toes are in a pamprodactyl position. In the left foot of the holotype, the configuration seems to be anisodactyl, but this might be an artifact because the toes are disarticulated from the tarsometatarsus. The most striking feature is in the proportions of the phalanges (p), as shown by the following measurements (in mm). digit Lpl, 4.5-5.5; p 2, 4.0-4.5 digit II: p 1, 2.0; p 2, 6.0; p 3, 4.5-5.5 digit III: p 1, 2.5; p 2, 2.5-3.0; p 3, 6.0; p 4, 5.0-6.0 digit IV: p 1,2.0; p 2, 1.5-2.0; p 3, 1.5-2.0; p 4,6.0; p 5,5.5-6.0 Feathers: There are some small remnants of feathers in the holotype (Figure 1), suggesting that the birds had quite long remiges or rectrices. Contents of the Digestive System: In the holotype at least 25 densely packed seeds are preserved. Surely, this was the bird's last meal. It is difficult, however, to decide whether the seeds were in the stomach or in the crop. The seeds obviously belong to a dicotyledonous plant, but their identity is as yet unknown. Discussion Selmes absurdipes shows that not only the distribution but also the morphological range of the Sandcoleiformes is wider than initially presumed. The birds of this order are real taxonomic mosaics, having similarities with many other groups. For this reason it might be worthwhile to reflect on the defini-
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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Page 180 and 181: 170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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Page 184 and 185: 174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
Page 187 and 188: The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
Page 189 and 190: NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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Page 195 and 196: Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
Page 197 and 198: NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
Page 199 and 200: NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
Page 201 and 202: NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
Page 203 and 204: NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
Page 205 and 206: NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
Page 207 and 208: NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
Page 209 and 210: A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
Page 211 and 212: NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
Page 213 and 214: NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
Page 215 and 216: NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
Page 217 and 218: A New Genus and Species of the Fami
Page 219 and 220: NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
Page 221 and 222: NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
Page 223 and 224: NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
Page 225 and 226: NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
Page 227 and 228: Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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Page 233 and 234: A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
Page 235 and 236: NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
Page 237 and 238: NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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Page 241 and 242: The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
Page 243 and 244: NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
Page 245 and 246: NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
Page 247 and 248: NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
Page 249 and 250: NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
Page 251 and 252: NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
Page 253: NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
Page 263 and 264: Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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Page 267 and 268: NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
Page 269: NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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