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206 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Australasia, pages 469-475. Carlisle: Hesperian Press, van Tets, G.E, and Pat V. Rich 1990. An Evaluation of de Vis' Fossil Birds. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 28:165-168, 8 figures. Woodburne, Michael O., Bruce J. Macfadden, Judd A. Case, Mark S. Springer, Neville S. Pledge, Jeanne D. Power, Janice M. Woodburne, and Kathleen B. Springer 1993. Land Mammal Biostratigraphy and Magnetostratigraphy of the Etadunna Formation (Late Oligocene) of South Australia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13:483-515, 15 figures. Woodburne, Michael O., and Richard H. Tedford 1975. The First Tertiary Monotreme from Australia. American Museum Novitates, 2588:19 pages, 4 figures. Woodburne, M.O., R.H. Tedford, M. Archer, W.D. Tumbull, M.D. Plane, and E.L. Lundelius 1985. Biochronology of the Continental Mammal Record of Australia and New Guinea. Special Publications, Department of Mines and Energy, South Australia, 5:347-363, 3 figures.
A New Genus and Species of the Family Jungornithidae (Apodiformes) from the Late Eocene of the Northern Caucasus, with Comments on the Ancestry of Hummingbirds ABSTRACT Argornis caucasicus, a new genus and species of the family Jungornithidae (Apodiformes), is based on an incomplete, articulated skeleton of the shoulder girdle and wing from the late Eocene of the northern Caucasus. The holotype includes the manus, which was previously unknown in the Jungornithidae. In comparison with early Oligocene Jungornis, the new form is less advanced evolutionarily, and, in particular, it lacks certain characters shared by Jungornis and the Trochilidae. An emended diagnosis of the family Jungornithidae is given. Taking into account that both Jungornis and Argornis possess an apodid-like deltopectoral crest, revealing their highly developed ability for gliding flight, the appearance of trochilid-like features in Jungornis demonstrates a real possibility that hovering specializations developed from gliding adaptations. This conclusion conforms with the results of a comparative analysis of the transformation of forelimb muscles in three modem apodiform families. Introduction Jungornis tesselatus Karhu, 1988, a bizarre Paleogene apodiform referred to its own family, was described from an incomplete, articulated skeleton of the shoulder girdle and forelimb from the early Oligocene of the northern Caucasus. The second genus and species of the family Jungornithidae described, Palescyvus escampensis Karhu, 1988, was based on a single coracoid from the late Eocene of the Phosphorites du Quercy, France, that Mourer-Chauvire (1978) had previously assigned to Cypselavus gallicus Gaillard. Alexandr A. Karhu, Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Street 123, Moscow, 117868, Russia. Alexandr A. Karhu 207 The Jungornithidae possess features in common with such evolutionarily advanced families as the Apodidae and Trochilidae; the Jungornithidae also demonstrate a clear resemblance to the comparatively generalized apodiform family Hemiprocnidae, and even to the Caprimulgidae. An unusual combination of characters in the Jungornithidae, some of which are shared separately either with the Apodidae or with the Trochilidae, has been considered evidence in favor of the common origin of these three families (Karhu, 1988, 1992a, 1992b). Further investigation of the apodiform flight apparatus has revealed, in particular, that an important part of the morphofunctional specializations in hummingbirds represents subsequent stages of development from the apodid-like adaptations (Karhu, 1992a). This contradicts the principal conclusion of Cohn (1968) that the similarity between the true swifts and hummingbirds is the result of convergence. In 1993, a new genus and species of jungornithid, described herein, was found in a late Eocene locality, Gorny Luch, northern Caucasus, that has yielded an abundant marine ichthyofauna (Bannikov, 1993). This discovery provides important data concerning the morphological specialization of the flight apparatus in the Jungornithidae. Taking into account the essential similarities between the Jungornithidae and Trochilidae, an older example of the former family may shed light on the early evolution of hummingbirds. METHODS.—Comparative study of the forelimb muscles in modern Apodiformes is very important for analysis of evolutionary trends. The forelimb muscles of the following species were studied (number of specimens is in parentheses): Hemiprocnidae: Hemiprocne mystacea (1), Hemiprocne comata (1); Apodidae: Collocalia lowi (1), Hirundapus caudacutus (1), Chaetura pelagica (1), Chaetura brachyura (1), Apus apus (4), Apus pacificus (1); Trochilidae: Chlorostilbon ricordii (1), Chlorostilbon sp. (1), Heliomaster longirostris (1), and Papho-
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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