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202 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 1.—Tarsometatarsus of fossil and recent megapodes. A-c, Ngawupodius minya (holotype, MV P160493), dorsal, plantar, and proximal views, respectively. D-H, dorsal views, recent species: D, Leipoa ocellata; E, Alectura lathami; F, Aepypodius arfakianus; G, Talegalla jobiensis; H, Megapodius reinwardt. Bars= 10 mm. sa supratrochlearis plantaris shallow, extending from between trochleae on distal end of plantar surface proximally to about proximal end of facet. Trochlea metatarsi II strongly divergent, trochlea metatarsi IV less so; distal and plantar extensions about equal; articular grooves obsolete. Trochlea metatarsi III about twice as long as other trochleae, strongly grooved.
NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger than the known tarsometatarsal specimens of Quercymegapodius {Q. depereti: total length 30.0 mm, distal width 5.8 mm, distal depth 3.75 mm; Mourer-Chauvire, 1992). Discussion GEOGRAPHIC SETTING AND GEOLOGY Northeastern South Australia has produced a number of important fossil sites, ranging in age from Oligocene-Miocene to Pleistocene, many of which have yielded avian remains. The fossil megapode was recovered from Lake Pinpa, one of several localities in the Tarkarooloo Basin where outcrops of the Namba Formation are exposed. The formation is divisible into two members, the upper resting disconformably on the lower. Green claystones and dolomitic claystones at the top of the lower member have yielded vertebrate remains designated as the Pinpa Fauna. A sequence of thin-bedded, fine- to mediumgrained sands cut into the lower member, and it is these basal sands of the upper member that have produced the Ericmas Fauna (type locality Ericmas Quarry, Lake Namba; 3ri2'S,140°14'E), from which the megapode bone was recovered. For details of the geology, dating, and other vertebrate remains, see Callen and Tedford (1976), Tedford et al. (1977), Woodburne et al. (1985), and references therein. The age of the Ericmas Fauna was originally placed at middle Miocene on the basis of its position above the Pinpa Fauna, and, where there are comparable species, species in the Ericmas Fauna appear less primitive. The lower member of the Namba Formation contains pollen floras similar to Balcombian-Batesfordian (middle Miocene) deposits in Victoria and South Australia. Tedford et al. (1977) put a maximum age of ca.14-16 Ma on vertebrates higher in the formation. Woodburne et al. (1985) considered the Ericmas Fauna to be middle Miocene in age. Subsequent work, however, has led to a revision of these dates. Studies on the central Australian Etadunna Species Ngawupodius minya Megapodius reinwardt Megapodius eremita Megapodius freycinet Megapodius pritchardi Megapodius cumingii Megapodius nicobarensis Eulipoa wallacii Macrocephalon maleo Alectura lathami Talegalla jobiensis Talegalla fuscirostris Aepypodius bruijni Aepypodius arfakianus Leipoa ocellata Progura gallinacea Formation (East Lake Eyre Basin), considered to be roughly contemporaneous with the Namba Formation, led Woodburne et al. (1993) to place its age at late Oligocene. These authors considered the Ditjimanka Fauna (Lake Palankarinna) from the Etadunna Formation and the Ericmas Fauna to be "approximate correlatives" (ca. 24-26 Ma). The Lake Pinpa site, like most others in central Australia, is characterized by lacustrine/fluviatile deposits. The bones have been disarticulated post-mortem and have been transported varying distances. The faunal summary by Rich et al. (1991) showed that there was a large aquatic component, represented by several species of lungfish {Neoceratodus), teleost fish, chelid turtles, crocodiles, the primitive platypus Obdurodon insignis Woodburne and Tedford (1975), and a dolphin (Rhabdosteidae). Terrestrial forms included marsupials of the families Dasyuridae, Phascolarctidae, Diprotodontidae, Pseudocheiridae, and Petauridae. The only other bird thus far reported was assigned to the Anseriformes (Rich et al., 1991) and has not yet been studied. In contrast, the Pinpa Fauna has abundant bird remains, including grebes, pelicans, cormorants, waterfowl, rails, burhinids, and flamingos. RECONSTRUCTION OF Ngawupodius AND ITS ENVIRONMENT Living megapodes were used as the basis of an attempt to reconstruct the general size and proportions of Ngawupodius. Because skeletons of certain taxa were not available, published tarsal measurements from skins were substituted; these give close approximations of the length of the tarsometatarsus. Weights and body lengths are less precise measurements but can serve as approximate indicators of size and permit some rough values to be obtained; data were taken from Marchant and Higgins (1993), Jones et al. (1995), and specimens. The tarsometatarsus of Ngawupodius is smaller in absolute terms than those of other described taxa (Table 1; Figure 1). It TABLE 1.--Measurements ( mm ) of the tarsometatarsus in Ngawupodius minya and recent species of megapodes, giving mean (x), range, and sarr pie size (n). X 40.2 59.8 64.6 69.2 58.6 67.0 68.2 61.2 87.6 96.9 87.7 - 108.4 97.0 75.3 - Total length range - - - - 58.1-59.0 61.1-72.8 - - 86.6-88.6 88.2-103.3 85.0-90.4 - - - 71.2-76.7 - n 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 5 2 - 1 1 3 - X 8.1 10.6 11.9 12.7 9.2 11.6 12.9 10.2 16.0 17.6 14.8 - 16.2 14.8 15.9 25.5 Proximal width range - - -- 9.0-9.4 10.3-12.9 - - 15.9-16.0 16.5-18.6 14.7-14.8 - - - 15.3-16.3 - n 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 5 2 - 1 1 3 1 X 9.5 12.2 13.7 14.0 10.8 13.5 14.3 12.3 16.7 18.1 16.3 16.0 17.9 16.0 17.5 28.4 Distal width range - - - - 10.8 12.2-14.8 - - 16.1-17.2 16.5-18.7 15.4-17.1 - - - 16.1-18.3 - n 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 6 2 1 1 1 3 1 X 4.3 4.5 5.2 5.4 3.9 5.4 5.9 4.5 6.2 7.3 6.3 5.3 6.8 6.2 6.8 - Midshaft width range - - - - 3.8-3.9 4.6-6.1 - - 6.0-6.3 7.1-7.7 5.8-6.7 - - - 6.5-7.1 - n 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 -
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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Page 165 and 166: NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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Page 187 and 188: The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
Page 189 and 190: NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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Page 199 and 200: NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
Page 201 and 202: NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
Page 203 and 204: NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
Page 205 and 206: NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
Page 207 and 208: NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
Page 209 and 210: A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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Page 215 and 216: NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
Page 217 and 218: A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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Page 221 and 222: NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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Page 241 and 242: The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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Page 253: NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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