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198 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY ern New Mexico, pages 44-51. Austin: University of Texas. Schultz, J.R. 1937. A Late Cenozic Vertebrate Fauna from the Coso Mountains, Inyo County, California. Contributions in Paleontology, from Carnegie Institution of Washington, 487:75-109. Seymour, K. 1993. Size Change in North American Quaternary Jaguars. In R.A. Martin and A.D. Bamosky, editors, Morphological Change in Quaternary Mammals of North America, pages 343-372. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shufeldt, R.W. 1915. Fossil Birds in the Marsh Collection of Yale University. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 19:1-110. Sibley C.G., and B.L. Monroe, Jr. 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. 1111 pages. New Haven: Yale University Press. Simpson, B.B., and J.L. Neff 1985. Plants, Their Pollinating Bees, and the Great American Interchange. In F.G. Stehli and S.D. Webb editors, The Great American Biotic Interchange, pages 427-452. New York: Plenum Press. Skinner, M.F., and C.W. Hibbard 1972. Early Pleistocene Pre-glacial and Glacial Rocks and Faunas of North-Central Nebraska. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 148:1-148. Steadman, D.W. 1980. A Review of the Osteology and Paleontology of Turkeys (Aves: Meleagridinae). Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 330:131-207. Stehli, F.G., and S.D. Webb, editors 1985. The Great American Biotic Interchange, xvii + 532 pages. New York: Plenum Press. Tomida, Y. 1987. Small Mammal Fossils and Correlation of Continental Deposits, Safford and Duncan Basins, Arizona, USA. ix+141 pages. Tokyo: National Science Museum. Vuilleumier, F. 1985. Fossil and Recent Avifaunas and the Interamerican Interchange. In F.G. Stehli and S.D. Webb, editors, The Great American Biotic Interchange, pages 387-424. New York: Plenum Press. Webb, S. David 1985. Late Cenozoic Mammal Dispersals Between the Americas. In F.G. Stehli and S.D. Webb, editors, The Great American Biotic Interchange, pages 357-386. New York: Plenum Press. Webb, S. David, and K. Wilkins 1984. Historical Biogeography of Florida Plistocene Mammals. Special Publications of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 8: 370-383. Wetmore, A. 1937. Bird Remains from Cave Deposits on Great Exuma Island in the Bahamas. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, 80:427-441. Wood, D.S., and G.D. Schnell 1986. Revised World Inventory of Avian Skeletal Specimens. 1986. 296 pages. Norman, Oklahoma: American Ornithologists' Union, Oklahoma Biological Survey.
A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Galliformes: Megapodiidae) from the Late Oligocene of Central Australia ABSTRACT The earliest fossil record of the Megapodiidae is from the Pliocene; most records are from the Quaternary. A recently identified megapode from late Oligocene deposits at Lake Pinpa, central Australia, is older than any previously reported megapode taxon and is only about two-thirds the size of the smallest living species. It probably inhabited riparian forests bordered by tropical savanna woodland in the Oligocene environment of Lake Pinpa, occupying a role similar to that of the Orange-footed Scrubfowl, Megapodius reinwardt Dumont, in tropical Australia today. Although the new fossil confirms the presence of the Megapodiidae in Australia as early as the late Oligocene, it provides no information on the origins and relationships of the family, or on the evolution of its distinctive method of incubation. Introduction The megapodes, or mound-builders, are among the more intriguing families of birds because they exhibit the practice, unique among birds, of incubating their eggs through the use of external heat sources (sun, decaying vegetation, volcanic heat, etc.) rather than body heat. The young hatch in a hyperprecocial state, receive no parental care from the adults, and are capable of flight within a few hours. This family has a circumscribed distribution: with one exception, it occurs only east of Wallace's Line, from Sulawesi through Australo-Papua and to Tonga and Samoa (recently extinct), and north to the Philippine Islands and Micronesia. Several aspects of the biology and evolution of the Megapodiidae have been the subject of ongoing debate, including the relationships of the megapodes to other galliform families (e.g., Walter E. Boles and Tessa J. Ivison, Division of Vertebrate Zoology {Birds), Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia. Walter E. Boles and Tessa J. Ivison 199 Cracraft, 1973; Sibley and Ahlquist, 1990; Brom and Dekker, 1992; Jones et al., 1995), the origin of the family (either the Southern (Gondwanan) or the Northern Hemisphere (Cracraft, 1973; Olson, 1985)), and the factors responsible for its current distribution (whether competitive exclusion by pheasants (Phasianidae) (Olson, 1980) or predation by mammalian carnivores (Felidae, Viverridae) (Dekker, 1989)). It is now generally agreed that the megapodes' unusual incubation strategy was acquired secondarily, following the development of typical avian incubation strategies in early birds (Clark, 1964a, 1964b; Dekker and Brom, 1992). For a current review of these and other topics on the biology, classification, and evolution of the Megapodiidae, see Jones et al. (1995). The 22 or so extant species are classified in six or seven genera (Sibley and Monroe, 1990; del Hoyo et al., 1994; Jones et al., 1995), although relationships among genera of megapodes are unresolved. A division between the "scrubfowl" and the other taxa (Clark, 1964a, 1964b) has not been confirmed (Brom and Dekker, 1992), nor has the position of the fossil genus Progura De Vis, 1888, been examined. The brush-turkeys comprise three genera, Alectura (monotypic, endemic to Australia), Talegalla (three species), and Aepypodius (two species), with the last two restricted to New Guinea. The single species of malleefowl, Leipoa, occurs only in Australia. Among the scrubfowl and their relatives, there are two monotypic genera: Macrocephalon, restricted to Sulawesi, Indonesia, and Eulipoa (Moluccas and Misool Island), which is often merged with Megapodius. Megapodius has the widest distribution, occurring in Australia and New Guinea, east to Tonga (with prehistorically extinct Holocene forms from as far as Samoa), north to the Philippine Islands and the Palau and Mariana islands in Micronesia, and west through Sulawesi and Lombok, Indonesia, with isolated populations on the Nicobar Islands. Megapodius also is the most diverse genus, with nine to 13 living species, depending on taxonomy (e.g., Peters, 1934; Sibley and Monroe, 1990; del Hoyo et al., 1994; Roselaar, 1994; Jones et al., 1995).
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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