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194 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY
TABLE 3.—Occurrence of mammalian taxa of presumed South American origin, and birds with Neotropical and western affinities,
in faunas of late Pliocene to early Pleistocene (late Blancan to early Irvingtonian; 3.7-1.0 Ma) age in western North America and
the Florida peninsula. References used to compile this table include Akersten (1972), Carranza-Castaneda and Miller (1988), Conrad
(1980), Dalquest (1975), Downs and White (1968), Emslie (1988, 1992, 1995, 1998), Frazier (1981), Galusha et al. (1984),
Gillette and Ray (1981), Hager (1974), Hirschfeld and Webb (1968), Hulbert (1992, 1997), Hulbert and Morgan (1993), Jefferson
(1989), Johnson et al. (1975), Johnston and Savage (1955), Lindsay (1978, 1984a, 1984b), Lindsay and Tessman (1974), Lundelius
et al. (1987), Miller and Carranza-Castaneda (1984), Montellano-Ballesteros and Carranza-Castaneda (1986), Morgan (1991), Morgan
and Hulbert (1995), Opdyke et al. (1977), Robertson (1976), Schultz (1977, 1990), Schultz (1937), Seymour (1993), Skinner
and Hibbard (1972), Tomida (1987), and Webb and Wilkins (1984). Inferred general habitat requirements for each taxon is indicated
by superscript numbers as follows: 'thorn-scrub and savannah, Rowland tropical forest and/or hammock, and 3 aquatic or
semiaquatic. Habitat assignment is based on that of living counterparts and/or paleoecological and paleobiological information
provided in American Ornithologists' Union (1998), Brown and Amadon (1968), Campbell and Tonni (1981), Delacour and Amadon
(1973), Downing and White (1995), Kurten and Anderson (1980), McDonald (1995), and Steadman (1980). (AZ=Arizona,
CA=Califomia, CO=Colorado, ID=Idaho, MX=Mexico, TX=Texas.)
Taxon
Mammals
Dasypus bellus'
Holmesinafloridanus'
Glyptotherium arizonae 3
Glyptotherium texanum 3
Pachyarmatherium leiseyi '• 2
Glossotherium chapadmalense'
Glossotherium garbanii'
Glossotherium sp. 1
Paramylodon harlani'
Megalonyx leptostomus 2
Megalonyx wheatleyi 2
Megalonyx sp. 2
Eremotherium sp. 2
Nothrotheriops texanus
Nothrotheriops sp. 1
Myrmecophaga tridactyla'
Erethizon bathygnathum 2
Erethizon kleini 2
Erethizon dorsatum
Erethizon poyeri 2
Neochoerus dichroplax 2,3
Neochoerus cordobai 2 ' 3
Neochoerus sp. 2 ' 3
Hydrochaeris holmesi 2 ' 3
Birds
Phalacrocorax idahensis*
Teratornis incredibilis^ 3
Teratornis merriami 1 - 3
Gymnogyps kofordi'
Gymnogyps sp.'
Neophrontops slaughteri'
Amplibuteo concordatus '• 2
Aquila bivia'
Spizaetus sp. 2
Cracidae, indet. 1
Meleagris leopoldi/anza 1 ' 2
Titanis walleri y
Glaucidium explorator^ 2
Glaucidium sp. 1,2
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