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slopes from Mexico to Peru (Brown and Amadon, 1968). With
little being known of the natural history of these species
(Brown and Amadon, 1968), and comparative skeletal material
being rare (Wood and Schnell, 1986), future additions to existing
skeletal collections should provide further insight on the relationships
between Harpyhaliaetus and Amplibuteo. Given
these affinities, Amplibuteo probably is of Neotropical origin,
although this suggestion is not yet supported by the fossil
record.
Aquila Linnaeus
These fossils represent a large eagle that is referable to Aquila,
and not Haliaeetus, by the following characters: cranium
with relatively larger, more rounded foramen prooticum; mandible
with symphysis broader and less tapered distally, and
with relatively broader articular; scapula with external border
of acromion more curved in proximal view; humerus with bicipital
crest smaller and extending less distally on shaft, with
median crest forming a longer border to the pneumatic fossa
distally; ulna with relatively more pronounced prominence for
anterior articular ligament and with external condyle extending
farther proximally on the shaft; radius with bicipital tubercle
located relatively farther distally on shaft; carpometacarpus
with relatively broader and deeper excavation below pisiform
process, internal border of carpal trochlea long, extending clos­
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY
er to metacarpal III; femur relatively longer, trochanter less
pronounced; and tibiotarsus with tendinal bridge angled less
medially and tendinal groove placed more internally than in
Haliaeetus.
Aquila bivia, new species
HOLOTYPE.—Right carpometacarpus, UF 30015 (Figure 4;
Table 2).
TYPE LOCALITY.—Inglis IA, section 8, T. 17S, R. 16E, Citrus
County, Florida (FLMNH Vertebrate Paleontology Locality
number CI001; Figure 2).
HORIZON AND AGE.—Late Pliocene (early Irvingtonian),
2.0-1.6 Ma (Morgan and Hulbert, 1995).
MEASUREMENTS OF HOLOTYPE.—See Table 2.
PARATYPES.—Inglis IA: Fragment of left cranium, UF
159544; articular end of left mandible, UF 30028; two mandibular
symphyses, UF 30029, 30030; two proximal ends of left
scapulae, UF 30026, 30027; shaft of left coracoid, UF 30034;
anterior portion of carina of sternum, UF 30035; distal end
(damaged) of right humerus, UF 30043; two proximal ends of
left humeri, UF 30040, 30041; two proximal ends of left ulnae,
UF 30023, 30024; distal end of left ulna, UF 30025; two proximal
ends of right radii, UF 30038, 30039; distal end of left radius,
UF 30036; proximal end of left radius, UF 30037; distal
end of left carpometacarpus, UF 30014; three alar phalanges,
TABLE 2.—Measurements (mm) of modem and late Pleistocene (maximum lengths only, Rancho La Brea, from
Howard, 1932) Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) carpometacarpi, femora, and tibiotarsi (sample size (n), mean
(x), and standard deviation (s.d.)) in comparison with fossils of A. bivia, new species, from Inglis IA, Florida.
(L=length, PW=proximal width, PD=proximal depth; LWS=least width of shaft, LDS=least depth of shaft,
DW=distal width, DD=distal depth.)
Element
Carpometacarpus
Aquila chrysaetos
w=10; ?,5?
x±s.d
range
maximum
Aquila bivia
UF 30015
Femur
Aquila chrysaetos
n=12;7?,5?
ic±s.d
range
maximum
Aquila bivia
UF 30019
Tibiotarsus
Aquila chrysaetos
„=14;7?,7?
x ±s.d.
range
maximum
Aquila bivia
UF 30012
L
103.0±4.4
97.6-112.5
112.9
119.6
129.7±4.5
120.8-134.6
135.8
140.1
164.2±5.1
155.6-172.7
172.8
180.6
PW
10.4±0.7
9.5-11.7
12.5
28.0±1.3
25.1-30.1
29.3
-
-
-
PD
26.0±1.2
24.1-24.8
29.9
19.5±1.2
17.7-21.7
20.7
-
-
-
LWS
8.4±0.4
7.9-9.2
10.3
13.5±0.8
12.5-15.0
14.1
11.3±0.5
10.4-12.1
11.6
LDS
6.1±0.2
5.7-6.5
6.7
I2.7±0.7
11.4-13.6
13.8
7.7±0.4
7.1-8.3
8.3
DW
13.7±0.6
12.8-14.8
15.1
30.1±1.5
27.3-32.3
29.6
22.9±1.3
20.7-26.0
21.3
DD
15.4±0.8
13.8-16.6
17.9
22.3 ±1.2
20.6-24.8
22.8
15.6±0.8
14.3-16.6
12.5