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NUMBER 89 11 FIGURE 4 (opposite).—Fossils of herons, ibis, and tropicbird from the Mascarene Islands. Nycticorax duboisi: a, left humerus, Marais de l'Ermitage, 1826, palmar view; b. right ulna, Marais de l'Ermitage, 1828, internal view; c, right tibiotarsus, Marais de l'Ermitage, 1829, anterior view; d, right femur, Marais de l'Ermitage, 1827, posterior view; e, left tarsometatarsus, distal part, Marais de l'Ermitage, 1865, anterior view;/ right tarsometatarsus, Marais de rErmitage, 1916, anterior view; g, same, posterior view; h, right scapula, Grotte de l'Autel, 330516, dorsal view. Nycticorax mauritianus: i, left femur, Mare aux Songes, MNHN MAD-6563, posterior view;/ right tarsometatarsus, Mare aux Songes, MNHN MAD-7080, anterior view. Threskiornis solitarius: k, right coracoid, Grotte de l'Autel, 330510, anterior view; /, same, posterior view; m, left scapula, Marais de l'Ermitage, 1909, ventral view; n, mandible, anterior part, Marais de l'Ermitage, 1872, right lateral view; o, same, dorsal view; p, left humerus, proximal part, Marais de l'Ermitage, 1908, anconal view; q, right carpometacarpus, Grotte de l'Autel, 330511, internal view; r, right ulna, proximal part, Marais de l'Ermitage, 1806, palmar view; s, left quadrate, Marais de l'Ermitage, 1913, posterior view. Phaethon lepturus: t, left coracoid, Grotte de l'Autel, 330515, posterior view. All figures are natural size. much like those of a specimen of T. spinicollis (USNM 429720), in which the tarsometatarsi are shorter, with more splayed trochleae than in another individual of the same species examined, although in T. solitarius the trochleae are still more splayed. Indices for the tarsometatarsus (Table 5) show that its distal part is proportionally wider, and its shaft width proportional to depth is greater, in T. solitarius than in T aethiopicus or T. spinicollis. The various pectoral elements so far known, with one exception, do not indicate any reduction in flying ability; the coracoid is elongated and the proximal parts of the humerus and ulna are very robust. The only possible indication of a reduction in flying ability is the occurrence of an accessory foramen in the symphysis between the alular and the major metacarpal (Mourer-Chauvire et al., 1995b). To our knowledge this foramen exists only in flightless forms. It is present in Palaeotis weigelti Lambrecht, a flightless fossil ratite from the Eocene of Germany, and it also is regularly present in Struthio, in the Spheniscidae, and occasionally in Rhea (Houde and Haubold, 1987). It also exists in Sylviornis neocaledoniae Poplin, a giant, flightless, extinct galliform from New Caledonia (Poplin and Mourer-Chauvire, 1985). The ibis of Reunion was probably much heavier than the living members of the genus Threskiornis. It was perhaps flightless in its behavior, but, apart from this accessory foramen, this had not yet led to osteological consequences. Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE Genus Phoenicopterus Linnaeus Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus, 1758 Greater Flamingo MATERIAL.—Marais de l'Ermitage. Male-sized fossils: Articular part of 1. mandible, 1906; r. p. tarsometatarsus, 1840; r. s. tarsometatarsus, 1904; 1. j. tarsometatarsus, 1907; 1. d. tar sometatarsus, 1842. Female-sized fossils: r. s. humerus, 1856; 1. d. humerus, 1877; r. d. ulna, 1878; 1. p. ulna, 1905; r. carpometacarpus, 1880; r. p. tibiotarsus, 1898; r. d. tibiotarsus, 1839; r. d. tibiotarsus, 1900; 1. d. tibiotarsus, 1897; 3 1. d. tibiotarsi (2 j.), 1838, 1847, 1899; 1. d. tarsometatarsus with medullary bone, 1902; r. d. tarsometatarsus, 1901; 5 1. d. tarsometatarsi, 1844, 1860, 1861, 1862, 1903. Male- or female-sized fossils: 1. quadrate, 1887; fragment of sternum, 1854; fragment of pelvis, 1855; r. scapula, 1876; 1. scapula, 1852; 3 s. ulna, 1845, 1849, 1879; p. radius, 1843; 2 d. radii, 1848, 1881; 1. d. carpometacarpus, 1864; r. s. tibiotarsus, 1857; 1. s. tibiotarsus, 1846; 2 1. d. tibiotarsi, 1858, 1859; r. s. tarsometatarsus, 1863; r. d. j. tarsometatarsus, 1841; 6 fragments of tarsometatarsi, 1851, 1882-1886; j. pedal phalanx, 1853. REMARKS.—The size and shape of the fossils correspond to Phoenicopterus ruber, the Greater Flamingo, and differ from Phoeniconaias minor Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, the Lesser Flamingo. Among the tarsometatarsi of female size, one that is broken into two pieces shows a deposit of medullary bone inside the shaft. Such medullary bone tissue develops in practically all the bones of the skeleton of a female bird 10 to 14 days before egg laying. It constitutes a reserve of calcium that is used during the laying period to produce the eggshell, and it is very quickly resorbed as soon as egg laying is over (Simkiss, 1967; Rick, 1975). The presence of medullary bone indicates that Greater Flamingos formerly nested on Reunion, probably at or near the spot where the Marais de l'Ermitage is now, which, on some old maps of the island, is shown as a pond that persisted at least until the eighteenth century. The flamingo material also includes bones from juveniles. Greater Flamingos are mentioned several times in historical accounts on Reunion (<strong>Lo</strong>ugnon, 1970, 1992), and Feuilley indicated that there were 3000 to 4000 of them in 1704 on the Etang du Gol (Barre and Barau, 1982). They disappeared between 1710 and 1730 (Cheke, 1987). They also have been found as fossils on Mauritius (the distal end of an ulna from Mare aux Songes is in the MNHN, MAD 6573), whence the resident population disappeared around 1758 (Cheke, 1987). Family ANATIDAE Genus Alopochen Stejneger Alopochen (Mascarenachen) kervazoi (Cowles, 1994), new combination Kervazo's Egyptian Goose FIGURE lf-n MATERIAL.—Grotte des Premiers Francais. Holotype: Fragment of rostrum, 1993-19. Paratypes: Sternum, 2 anterior parts, 1993-22, 1993-24; sternum, posterior part, 1993-25; furcula, 1993-21; cervical vertebra, 1993-27; r. carpometacarpus, with thickened bony knob, 1993-20; 1. carpometacarpus, 1993-
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 145 FIGURE 4.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 147 FIGURE 6.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 149 FIGURE 8.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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