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188 FIGURE 2.—<strong>Lo</strong>cations of late Pliocene fossil localities discussed in the text. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY HAILE 7C FIGURE 3.—Paratypical humeri of Amplibuteo concordatus from Florida: A, left humerus (UF 165542) from Inglis 1C, Citrus County; B, left humerus (UF 159407) from Haile 7C, Alachua County. For each specimen, scale=xl, bar=l cm.
NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relatively small (carpometacarpus larger, metacarpal I relatively smaller, with distinct proximal curvature, fossa below pisiform shallow and broad, area of internal ligamental fossa relatively greater in Amplibuteo woodwardi («=4) and A. hibbardi). Coracoid with relatively short, narrow coraco-humeral surface (long and broad in A. woodwardi {n=5), short and broad in .4. hibbardi); pneumatic foramina below brachial tuberosity small and indistinct (shallow to deep in A. woodwardi). Humerus (Figure 3) with internal tuberosity relatively narrow and less blunt (large and blunt in A. woodwardi («=9), rounded in A. hibbardi); distinct excavation at distal end of medial bicipital crest (deep in A hibbardi; deep to shallow or absent in A. woodwardi); ligamental furrow relatively narrow and deep (furrow broad, shallow to deep in A. woodwardi); bicipital crest merges with shaft immediately below pneumatic foramen (merges with shaft more distal to pneumatic foramen, forming a distinct flange, in A. woodwardi and A. hibbardi); attachment for anterior articular ligament relatively flat, long, and narrow (flat to convex, short and broad to long and narrow in A. woodwardi, short and rounded in A. hibbardi); impression of M. brachialis anticus relatively narrow (broad in A. woodwardi); and entepicondylar and ectepicondylar prominences relatively small (larger and more robust in A. woodwardi). Ulna with bicipital attachment relatively high on shaft (attachment more distal on shaft in A. woodwardi («=3) and A. hibbardi); prominence for anterior articular ligament relatively small (large and robust in A. woodwardi and A. hibbardi); distal external condyle relatively long and narrow (short and broad in A. woodwardi and A. hibbardi); and carpal and radial tuberosities prominent (reduced in A. woodwardi, more prominent in A. hibbardi). Radius with ligamental prominence relatively small and blunt (large with more distal extension in A. woodwardi («=2) and ,4. hibbardi); scapholunar facet in distal view relatively short and narrow (long and broad in A. woodwardi). COMPARATIVE MATERIAL.—Morphnus guianensis (Daudin), skeleton, USNM 432243, unsexed; LACM 91788, skeleton, female. Harpyhaliaetus solitarius (Tschudi), partial skeleton with sternum, coracoid, proximal humerus, and femur, UCLA 41971, unsexed. STATUS.—Extinct, known from fossils only. REMARKS.—The material from Haile 7C is probably from a single individual based on similarities in the size and features of matching elements. At least one individual is represented from Inglis 1C, and the humerus (UF 165542) is slightly porous and incompletely ossified, indicating it is from a subadult. Amplibuteo concordatus was a small eagle compared to A. woodwardi ox A. hibbardi. A third possible species of Amplibuteo (UF 102550), reported by Emslie (1995) from the late-early Irvingtonian Leisey Shell Pit 3B, is slightly larger than A. concordatus and smaller than A. woodwardi (see measurements in Emslie, 1995, table 11). It compares most closely with A. woodwardi except for the carpometacarpus, which is shorter and differs in characters as described by Emslie (1995). The carpometacarpus (UF 102550) from Leisey was compared with UF 159426 and AMNH 10395 and was found to differ in having a distinct proximal curvature of metacarpal I and having the fossa below the pisiform process broad and deep. These differences also suggest that the Leisey specimen represents a fourth, undescribed species of Amplibuteo. Of the two other fossil species described in this genus, A. woodwardi is known from the late Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea, California, and the middle and late Pleistocene of Florida (Miller, 1911; Howard, 1932; Emslie, 1995); A. hibbardi is known only from the late Pleistocene Talara Tar Seeps, Peru (Campbell, 1979). The addition of A. concordatus to this record extends the geologic range of the genus into the late Pliocene. This species also was relatively long-lived, with a potential geologic range spanning 2.1 million years (between 3.7-1.6 Ma). The genus reached its greatest diversity in the Pleistocene of North and South America, when up to three species may have existed, although none of these apparently were sympatric based on the available evidence. Campbell (1979) erected the genus Amplibuteo, with A. hibbardi of Peru as the type species, and at the same time transferred the fossil species Morphnus woodwardi from Rancho La Brea to the same new genus. His comparisons suggested that Amplibuteo is most closely related to Buteo and Geranoaetus, whereas Morphnus is closer to Harpia than to other genera. Campbell's comparisons included one specimen of Harpyhaliaetus solitarius, from which only the tarsometatarsus was used in the generic diagnosis of Amplibuteo. We compared the sternum, coracoid, proximal end of the humerus, and femur of this species with those of Morphnus guianensis, Amplibuteo woodwardi, and A. concordatus. These comparisons indicate a closer similarity in skeletal characters between Harpyhaliaetus and Amplibuteo than previously has been recognized. Characters shared by these two genera include the sternum with the anterior carinal margin placed relatively far from the manubrium, the coracoid with the coracoidal fenestra positioned relatively far from the scapular facet, the humerus with a bicipital crest that merges with the shaft distally, giving the crest a distinct flange in A. woodwardi (although the crest merges immediately to a shaft with no flange in A. concordatus and Harpyhaliaetus), and the femur with a high trochanter and a trochanteric ridge extending far down the shaft. These similarities raise the possibility that Amplibuteo may be closely related to or even congeneric with Harpyhaliaetus, of which additional modern skeletal specimens would be highly desirable. The high diversity of Accipitridae and the lack of adequate comparative skeletons for some species (e.g., H. coronatus), however, compound the problems associated with describing new taxa in this group, and additional, more detailed comparisons are needed with all accipitrid genera. The two species of Harpyhaliaetus are today confined to the Neotropics. The Crowned Solitary Eagle {H. coronatus) is found in savannah habitats from Bolivia to southern Argentina, whereas the Black Solitary Eagle {H. solitarius) occurs on mountain
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Page 149 and 150: Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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Page 165 and 166: NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
Page 167: NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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Page 187 and 188: The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
Page 189 and 190: NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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Page 195 and 196: Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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Page 203 and 204: NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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Page 207 and 208: NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
Page 209 and 210: A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
Page 211 and 212: NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
Page 213 and 214: NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
Page 215 and 216: NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
Page 217 and 218: A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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Page 221 and 222: NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
Page 223 and 224: NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
Page 225 and 226: NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
Page 227 and 228: Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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Page 241 and 242: The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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