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184 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Parkes, editors, Avian Biology, 8:79-256. New York: Academic Press. Patterson, B., and J.L. Kraglievich 1960. Sistematica y nomenclature de las aves fororracoideas del Plioceno Argentine Publicaciones del Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales y Tradicionales de Mar del Plata, 1 (1): 1 -51. Rasmussen, D.T., and R. Kay 1992. A Miocene Anhinga from Colombia, and Comments on the Zoogeographic Relationships of South America's Tertiary Avifauna. In K.E. Campbell, editor, Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Sciences Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 36:225-230. Rea, A. 1983. Cathartid Affinities: A Brief Overview. In S. Wilbur and J. Jackson, editors, Vulture Biology and Management, pages 26-54. Berkeley: University of California Press. Sibley, C, and R. Ahlquist 1990. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution. xxii + 976 pages. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. Sibley, C, and B. Monroe 1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. xxiv+1111 pages. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Tambussi, C. 1989. Las aves del Plioceno tardio-Pleistoceno temprano de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina. 378 pages. Doctoral thesis, Universidad Nacional La Plata, Argentina. Tambussi, C, and J.I. Noriega 1996. Summary of the Avian Fossil Record from Southern South America. In G. Arratia, editor, Contributions of Southern South America to Vertebrate Paleontology. Munchner Geowissenschaftliche, Abhandlungen, series a, Geologie und Palaontologie, 30:245-264. Munchen: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil. Tambussi, C, J.I. Noriega, and E.P Tonni 1993. Late Cenozoic Birds of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina): An Attempt to Document Quantitative Faunal Changes. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 101:117-129. Tonni, E.P. 1980. The Present State of Knowledge of the Cenozoic Birds of Argentina. Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 330:105-114. 1984. Dos nuevas aves para el Pleistoceno del sur-sureste de la provincia de Buenos Aires. Resumenes: Primeras Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontologia de Vertebrados. Buenos Aires: Comision de Investigaciones Cientificas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. Tonni, E.P, and J.I. Noriega 1998. Los condores (Ciconiiformes, Vulturidae) en el Cenozoico Superior de la Region Pampeana (Republica Argentina): distribucion, interacciones y extinciones. Ameghiniana, 35(2): 141-150. Webb, S.D., and L.G. Marshall 1982. Historical Biogeography of Recent South American Land-Mammals. Special Publications of Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology, 6:39-52.

Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late Pliocene (Late Blancan) of Florida and Arizona and Their Biogeographic Implications Steven D. Emslie and Nicholas J. Czaplewski ABSTRACT Two new species of fossil eagles are described from the late Pliocene of Florida and Arizona, adding new information on the paleoecology of these regions. Aquila bivia, new species, is known from 33 skeletal elements from inglis IA, Citrus County, Florida, and from a partial skeleton from 111 Ranch, Graham County, Arizona. It was a large eagle, approximately 10%-15% larger than females of modem A. chrysaetos (Linnaeus), and it is the first valid fossil species in this genus to be described from North America. Amplibuteo concordatus, new species, is known from 13 skeletal elements from Haile 7C, Alachua County, and Inglis 1C, Citrus County, Florida, and from three specimens from Duncan, Greenlee County, Arizona. It is the third species of the genus to be described, and it represents the earliest occurrence of this genus. These two new taxa add to a growing list of vertebrates with fossil distributions in both the Florida peninsula and western North America, which reflects a corridor of common habitat that once united these regions. This corridor initially developed during glacial intervals in the late Pliocene, when numerous taxa of mammals, birds, reptiles, and plants first appear in the fossil record of Florida. The corridor probably was composed largely of dry thornscrub and savannah communities, but it also may have had a mosaic of lakes, wetlands, and hammocks that allowed dispersal of a variety of species that reflect these communities. Introduction The fossil record in Florida and the southwestern United States indicates that numerous species of mammals, reptiles, and plants were shared between these regions during the Pliocene and Pleistocene (Neill, 1957; Blair, 1958; Marshall et al., 1982; Marshall, 1985; Meylan, 1982). This distributional Steven D. Emslie, Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403, United States. Nicholas J. Czaplewski, Oklahoma Museum of Natural History, 1335 Asp Avenue, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States. 185 pattern has been explained as the result of the Gulf Coast corridor, a broad expanse of savannah and xeric thorn-scrub habitat that extended through Central America, Mexico, and the southern portion of the United States (Blair, 1958; Mares, 1985; Webb, 1985). This corridor allowed the dispersal of taxa between the Florida peninsula and the western United States and between North and South America during the Great American Biotic Interchange, which began at about 2.5 Ma (Stehli and Webb, 1985). The fossil record of birds during this period is less well known, although similar dispersals have been documented (Vuilleumier, 1985; Emslie, 1996). For example, the phorusrhacoid Titanis walleri Brodkorb is a representative of a South American group that reached Florida and Texas during the Plio-Pleistocene (Brodkorb, 1963; Baskin, 1995). An unusual group of condor-like vultures, the teratorns, also may have been from a South American lineage that entered North America by the late Pliocene (Campbell and Tonni, 1981; Vuilleumier, 1985; Emslie, 1988). Recent paleontological investigations in Florida and Arizona have indicated that considerably more avian taxa were shared between North and South America and the western and eastern United States during the Plio-Pleistocene than previously have been documented (Emslie, 1998). Herein, we describe two new species of eagles from the late Pliocene of Florida and Arizona. As with mammalian taxa, these and other avian fossils indicate an extensive common habitat that once extended across the southern United States in the late Pliocene. METHODS.—Comparative analyses of fossil and recent skeletal material was completed at the Florida Museum of Natural History (FLMNH), University of Florida (UF), Gainesville, where the fossils are housed; the National Museum of Natural History (USNM; collections of the former United States National Museum), Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C; the Museums of Paleontology (UMMP) and Zoology (UMMZ), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; the Museum of Northern Arizona (MNA), Flagstaff; the University of California, Los

184 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY<br />

Parkes, editors, Avian Biology, 8:79-256. New York: Academic<br />

Press.<br />

Patterson, B., and J.L. Kraglievich<br />

1960. Sistematica y nomenclature de las aves fororracoideas del Plioceno<br />

Argentine Publicaciones del Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales<br />

y Tradicionales de Mar del Plata, 1 (1): 1 -51.<br />

Rasmussen, D.T., and R. Kay<br />

1992. A Miocene Anhinga from Colombia, and Comments on the Zoogeographic<br />

Relationships of South America's Tertiary Avifauna. In<br />

K.E. Campbell, editor, Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring<br />

Pierce Brodkorb. Sciences Series, Natural History Museum of <strong>Lo</strong>s<br />

Angeles County, 36:225-230.<br />

Rea, A.<br />

1983. Cathartid Affinities: A Brief Overview. In S. Wilbur and J. Jackson,<br />

editors, Vulture Biology and Management, pages 26-54. Berkeley:<br />

University of California Press.<br />

Sibley, C, and R. Ahlquist<br />

1990. Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution.<br />

xxii + 976 pages. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University<br />

Press.<br />

Sibley, C, and B. Monroe<br />

1990. Distribution and Taxonomy of Birds of the World. xxiv+1111 pages.<br />

New Haven and <strong>Lo</strong>ndon: Yale University Press.<br />

Tambussi, C.<br />

1989. Las aves del Plioceno tardio-Pleistoceno temprano de la Provincia<br />

de Buenos Aires, Argentina. 378 pages. Doctoral thesis, Universidad<br />

Nacional La Plata, Argentina.<br />

Tambussi, C, and J.I. Noriega<br />

1996. Summary of the Avian Fossil Record from Southern South America.<br />

In G. Arratia, editor, Contributions of Southern South America to<br />

Vertebrate Paleontology. Munchner Geowissenschaftliche, Abhandlungen,<br />

series a, Geologie und Palaontologie, 30:245-264.<br />

Munchen: Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.<br />

Tambussi, C, J.I. Noriega, and E.P Tonni<br />

1993. Late Cenozoic Birds of Buenos Aires Province (Argentina): An Attempt<br />

to Document Quantitative Faunal Changes. Paleogeography,<br />

Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology, 101:117-129.<br />

Tonni, E.P.<br />

1980. The Present State of Knowledge of the Cenozoic Birds of Argentina.<br />

Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of <strong>Lo</strong>s Angeles<br />

County, 330:105-114.<br />

1984. Dos nuevas aves para el Pleistoceno del sur-sureste de la provincia<br />

de Buenos Aires. <strong>Res</strong>umenes: Primeras Jornadas Argentinas de Paleontologia<br />

de Vertebrados. Buenos Aires: Comision de Investigaciones<br />

Cientificas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires.<br />

Tonni, E.P, and J.I. Noriega<br />

1998. <strong>Lo</strong>s condores (Ciconiiformes, Vulturidae) en el Cenozoico Superior<br />

de la Region Pampeana (Republica Argentina): distribucion, interacciones<br />

y extinciones. Ameghiniana, 35(2): 141-150.<br />

Webb, S.D., and L.G. Marshall<br />

1982. Historical Biogeography of Recent South American Land-Mammals.<br />

Special Publications of Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology,<br />

6:39-52.

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