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182 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 6.—Vulturidae, probably a new genus and species (MLP 90-X-l-l). Proximal end of ulna and shaft: a, external view; b, palmar view; c, anconal view. Scale bar=5 cm. gyps reliquus, and an indeterminate vulturid that probably represents a new genus and species. Dryornis pampeanus and Vultur gryphus, from the early?-middle Pliocene, constitute the earliest record of condors in South America. The remaining two taxa come from Pleistocene and middle Pliocene sediments, respectively. The presence of Geronogyps reliquus (up to now restricted to the Pleistocene of Peru) in the Pleistocene sediments of the Pampean region extends considerably the geographic range of the species. Thus, condors were more widely distributed during the early?-middle Pliocene and Pleistocene than they are at present. Only one condor species now survives in South America, Vultur gryphus, and its distribution is restricted to Andean regions and arid steppes of Patagonia. It has been hypothesized that the decline in condor diversity and the retraction of Vultur gryphus from the Pampean region is due to climatic changes and/or to the extinction of megaherbivorous mammals, which were likely their main food source (as carrion) (Emslie, 1987; Tonni and Noriega, 1998).
NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred humerus of Geronogyps reliquus (CCM 95-VI-5-1 (a), CCM 95-VI-5-4 (b,c)): a, proximal end, anconal view; b, distal end, anconal view; c, distal end, palmar view. Scale bars= 1 cm. Literature Cited Arredondo, O. 1971. Nuevo genero y especie de ave fosil (Accipitriformes: Vulturidae) del Pleistoceno de Cuba. Memorias de la Sociedad Cientifico Natural La Salle, Caracas, 31(90):309-323. Baumel, J.J., and L.M. Witmer 1993. Osteologia. In J.J. Baumel, A.S. King, J.E. Breazile, H.E. Evans, and J.C. Vanden Berge, editors, Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomic Avium, second edition. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, 23:45-132. Brodkorb, P. 1967. Catalogue of Fossil Birds, Part 3 (Ralliformes, Ichthyornithiformes, Charadriiformes). Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, Biological Sciences. 2(3): 106-218. Brown, L., and D. Amadon 1968. Eagles, Hawks and Falcons of the World. 945 pages. London: Country Life. Campbell, K. 1979. The Non-Passerine Pleistocene Avifauna of the Talara Piura Seeps, Northwestern Peru. Contributions, Life Sciences Division, Royal Ontario Museum, 118:1-203. Cione, A., and E. Tonni 1995. Los estratotipos de los pisos Montehermosense y Chapadmalalense (Plioceno) del esquema cronologico sudamericano. Ameghiniana, 32(4):369-374. Emslie, S. 1987. Age and Diet of Fossil Condors in Grand Canyon, Arizona. Science, 237:768-770. 1988a. The Fossil History and Phylogenetic Relationships of Condors (Ciconiiformes: Vulturidae) in the New World. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8(2):212-228. 1988b. An Early Condor-like Vulture from North America. Auk, 105: 529-535. Fisher, H. 1946. Adaptations and Comparative Anatomy of the Locomotor Apparatus of New World Vultures. American Midland Naturalist, 35: 545-727. Griffiths, C. 1994. Monophyly of the Falconiformes Based on Syringeal Morphology. Auk, lll(4):787-805. Hertel, F. 1992. Morphological Diversity of Past and Present New World Vultures. In K.E. Campbell, editor, Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Science Series, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 36:413^118. 1994. Diversity in Body Size and Feeding Morphology within Past and Present Vulture Assemblages. Ecology, 75(4): 1074—1084. Howard, H. 1929. The Avifauna of Emeryville Shellmound. University of California Publications in Zoology, 32:301-394. Ligon, J. 1967. Relationships of the Cathartid Vultures. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan, 651:1—26. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, 1: Regnum Animate, ii+824 pages. Tenth edition. [Facsimile reprinted in 1956 by the British Museum of Natural History.] Moreno, R, and A. Mercerat 1891. Catalogo de los pajaros fosiles de la Republica Argentina. Anales del Museo de La Plata, Paleontologia Argentina, 1:7—71. Olson, S. 1985. The Fossil Record of Birds. In D. Farner, J.R. King, and K.C.
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
Page 142 and 143: 132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
Page 144 and 145: 134 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
Page 149 and 150: Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
Page 151 and 152: NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
Page 153 and 154: NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
Page 161 and 162: NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
Page 163 and 164: NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
Page 165 and 166: NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
Page 167: NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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Page 180 and 181: 170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
Page 184 and 185: 174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
Page 187 and 188: The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
Page 189 and 190: NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
Page 191: NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
Page 195 and 196: Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
Page 197 and 198: NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
Page 199 and 200: NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
Page 201 and 202: NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
Page 203 and 204: NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
Page 205 and 206: NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
Page 207 and 208: NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
Page 209 and 210: A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
Page 211 and 212: NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
Page 213 and 214: NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
Page 215 and 216: NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
Page 217 and 218: A New Genus and Species of the Fami
Page 219 and 220: NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
Page 221 and 222: NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
Page 223 and 224: NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
Page 225 and 226: NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
Page 227 and 228: Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
Page 229 and 230: NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
Page 231 and 232: NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
Page 233 and 234: A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
Page 235 and 236: NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
Page 237 and 238: NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
Page 239 and 240: NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
Page 241 and 242: The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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