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178 Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, U.S; Departamento Cientifico Paleontologia Vertebrados and Departamento Cientifico Zoologia Vertebrados of Museo de La Plata (MLP), La Plata, Argentina; Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales de Monte Hermoso (MMH), Monte Hermoso, Argentina; Casa de Cultura de Medanos (CCM), Municipalidad de Villarino, Argentina; Seccion Ornitologfa and Seccion Paleontologia Vertebrados, Museo Bernardino Rivadavia, Buenos Aires, Argentina, and Royal Ontario Museum (ROM), Toronto, Canada. The comparative material included skeletons of the following living vultures (number of specimens in parentheses): Vultur gryphus (8), Gymnogyps califomianus (5), Sarcoramphus papa (1), Coragyps atratus (3), Cathartes aura (3), Cathartes burrovianus (1) and the ciconiids Ciconia maguari (2), Mycteria americana (2), and Jabiru mycteria (1). Fossil specimens examined are discussed below; they included Geronogyps reliquus Campbell, Gymnogyps howardae Campbell, and Dryornis pampeanus Moreno and Mercerat. Comparisons were made with original material except Gymnogyps kofordi Emslie, for which illustrations and published descriptions were used. All measurements were taken with vernier calipers to the nearest 0.1 mm and are given in millimeters. Anatomical terminology follows mainly Baumel and Witmer (1993) but also Fisher (1946). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge Storrs Olson and Helen James for making it possible to attend the fourth international meeting of the Society for Avian Paleontology and Evolution and for their kind attention in Washington, D.C. For supporting our visit, we are indebted to the Office of Fellowships and Grants of the Smithsonian Institution. One of us (CPT) thanks Gerry and Gina De Iulis for all their assistance during her visit to the ROM. Finally, we acknowledge the comments on and suggestions to the manuscript given by Steven Emslie, Kenneth Campbell, Storrs Olson, and an anonymous reviewer. Systematic Paleontology Order CICONIIFORMES Family VULTURIDAE The fossil record of condors in the Pliocene-Pleistocene of the Pampean region (Figures 1, 2) comprises five taxa, which are discussed below. Dryornis pampeanus Moreno and Mercerat, 1891 LECTOTYPE.—Distal end of right humerus, MLP 20-169 (Figure 3). LOCALITY.—Farola de Monte Hermoso (39°S, 61°50'W), Coronel Rosales County, Buenos Aires Province. HORIZON AND AGE.—Early?-middle Pliocene (Montehermosan?-Chapadmalalan Age; see Cione and Tonni, 1995, for detailed stratigraphic analysis). SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 HOLOCEN LU Z LU O I- (D UJ LU Z LU o LU z LU o SOUTH AMERICAN STAGE PLATAN LU J AN IAN ENSENADAN SANANDRESAN VOROHUEN BARRANCALOBAN Q < i o UPPER LOWER MONTEHERMOSAN HUAYQUERIAN FIGURE 1.—Chronostratigraphic units of the upper Cenozoic of South America.
NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographic location of fossiliferous localities in the Pampean region of Argentina: 1, 2, Farola de Monte Hermoso; 3, Cascada Grande on Quequen Salado River; 4, south of the Loberia stream; 5, Chasico stream; 6, Monte Hermoso City. REMARKS.—Moreno and Mercerat (1891) originally described Dryornis pampeanus based on a distal end of a left humerus (lectotype, MLP 20-169) and an abraded distal end of a right femur (MLP 20-170). As was pointed out previously by Patterson and Kraglievich (1960) and by Brodkorb (1967), the assignment of the femur (MLP 20-170) to a condor was erroneous. Our reexamination of this specimen agrees with prior revisions in attributing it to a phorusrhacoid bird. Dryornis pampeanus is recognized by having a humerus with the following characters: (1) size similar to that of Vultur gryphus, but distal shaft width just proximal to the epicondylus dorsalis greater; (2) condylus dorsalis longer and straighter than in Vultur, Gymnogyps, or Geronogyps; (3) condylus ventralis narrower than in Vultur or Gymnogyps, similar to Geronogyps; slightly rotated anteriad, giving moderately flexed distal end as in Geronogyps, Gymnogyps, and Vultur, with marked flexion of distal end of humerus; (4) epicondylus dorsalis rounded as in Gymnogyps and less protrudent proximally than in Vultur, Gymnogyps, or Geronogyps; (5) insertions of M. brachialis anticus, M. pronator brevis (=M. p. superficialis), and M. flexor carpi ulnaris deeper than in Gymnogyps or Geronogyps; (6) fossa M. brachialis less extended laterally than in all species compared; (7) sulcus scapulotricipitalis less marked than in Geronogyps or Vultur; (8) fossa olecrani relatively more excavated and proximal, and less extended laterally, than in Vultur, Gymnogyps, or Geronogyps; and (9) intercondylar furrow nearly straight. Historically there has been some agreement that Dryornis pampeanus is a valid genus within the Vulturidae (see Tonni, 1980; Emslie, 1988a). Our direct comparison of the material with other known fossil and living vultures supports the anatomical distinctness of Dryornis pampeanus from the other members of the family. Thus, based on the set of characters listed above, we consider Dryornis pampeanus to be a valid genus and species and to be one of the earliest fossil condors in South America. Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758 REFERRED MATERIAL.—Proximal end of humerus, MLP 48- XII-16-225 (Figure 4); Farola de Monte Hermoso (39°S, 61°50'W), Coronel Rosales County, Buenos Aires Province; early-middle Pliocence (Montehermosan?-Chapadmalalan Age. Shaft of Ulna, MLP 63-VI-10-15; Cascada Grande locality on the right margin of Quequen Salado River (38°30'S, 60°30'W), Coronel Dorrego County, Buenos Aires Province; middle Pliocene (Lower Chapadmalalan Age). REMARKS.—The humerus, which comes from the same locality as Dryornis pampeanus, was attributed to Vultur gryphus by Tambussi (1989), Tambussi et al. (1993), and Tambussi and Noriega (1996). The ulna shaft was referred to Vultur gryphus by Tambussi (1989) and shows 12 papillae remigiales ventrales and caudales (of secondary remiges). The cross section of the shaft is triangular and forms a smooth, sigmoid curve. cf. Vultur sp. REFERRED MATERIAL.—Distal end of femur, MMH 561; seashore close to Monte Hermoso city (39°S, 61°15'W); late Pleistocene (Lujanian Age). REMARKS.—Tonni (1984) pointed out that this femur is indistinguishable from that of Vultur, but it is too badly preserved for a more accurate identification. VULTURIDAE, genus and species indeterminate REFERRED MATERIAL.—Incomplete right ulna and articulated proximal end of radius, MLP 90-X-l-l (Figures 5, 6), collected by Ulyses Pardinas and Maximiliano Lezcano; south of the mouth of Arroyo Loberia (38°15'S, 57°40'W); middle Pliocene (Upper Chapadmalalan Age). MEASUREMENTS (in mm).—Ulna: Total length as preserved, 253; width of proximal end, 40.8; width of midshaft,
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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Page 217 and 218: A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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