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174 ated with this specimen, see Miller and Carranza-Castaneda (1984). Right carpometacarpus: Fragmentary proximal end, including only trochlea carpalis and area immediately distal to it, Florida Museum of Natural History, UF 123874, Leisey Shell Pit 3, Hillsborough County, Florida, Bermont Formation, Irvingtonian (between 1.66 and 1.4 Ma (MacFadden, 1995)). This specimen was originally described and figured by Emslie (1995:316-317), who referred it to Teratornis sp. cf. T. incredibilis on the basis of its similarity to Teratornis merriami and its size (-40% larger than T. merriami). We see no reason to doubt that this specimen is a teratorn, but little else can be said about it. Discussion Howard (1952) described Teratornis incredibilis on the basis of the complete os carpi ulnare (cuneiform) noted above, allocating the species to Teratornis on the basis of its general similarity to T. merriami. The much greater size of the specimen (43% larger than the same bone of T. merriami) and other characters clearly established its distinction as a separate species (Howard, 1952). Howard (1963, 1972) also referred to Teratornis incredibilis the distal end of a radius and the anterior portion of a beak discussed above on the basis of their general similarity to T. merriami and the fact that both of these specimens were about 40% larger than comparable bones of the latter species. Although Howard (1972:343) considered the possibility of generic separation of the larger species from Teratornis, she considered all three specimens she had assigned to T. incredibilis too undiagnostic or too poorly preserved to justify establishing a new genus. After restudying the holotype and three specimens previously referred to Teratornis incredibilis we concluded that the differences seen between T. incredibilis and T. merriami are such that the erection of a new genus for the former was warranted. In reexamining the holotypical os carpi ulnare we found that the characters noted above for Aiolornis differ from those of Teratornis at a level comparable to the differences seen among the os carpi ulnare of the living genera of the family Vulturidae, which are easily identified to genus, and the differences hold for all specimens of the element from Rancho La Brea examined (n=24). The unique characters of the humerus, ulna, radius, and carpometacarpus assigned to Aiolornis incredibilis, however, suggest that that species may have had different flight adaptations from Teratornis merriami. Because the os carpi ulnare is a bone integral to the flight of any bird, we would have expected greater character differences to be reflected in the os carpi ulnare of Aiolornis, which would serve to separate it more readily from Teratornis. For this reason we would not be surprised to find in the future that the older (Blancan and Irvingtonian) specimens herein referred to Aiolornis incredibilis actually are referrable to another genus and species. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY The other genus and species of teratorn, Cathartomis gracilis, is known only from tarsometatarsi, one complete and one distal end, from the late Pleistocene asphalt deposits at Rancho La Brea, California. Although the length of the holotypical tarsometatarsus of C. gracilis falls within the size range of tarsometatarsi of Teratornis merriami, it is much more slender and has several features that distinguish it from its more heavily built contemporary. Miller and Howard (1938:169) reevaluated the status of Cathartomis and concluded "that Cathartornis is markedly similar to Teratornis merriami, though it is undoubtedly a distinct species. We consider it also to be generically distinct." Some of the characters listed as separating the two genera are not particularly convincing, however, and with more specimens of teratorns available now than at the time of Miller and Howard's study, the case for maintaining Cathartomis as a separate genus is weak. Resolution of the status of Cathartomis is deferred pending completion of the studies of the teratorns of Rancho La Brea by KEC. Given the marked similarity of Cathartomis to Teratornis, we considered assignment to Cathartomis of the specimens now referred to Aiolornis inappropriate. The size of the Incredible Teratorn, Aiolornis incredibilis, remains its most remarkable known feature, even though we know there was at least one larger species of teratorn. Howard (1952) estimated the size of A. incredibilis to be 43% larger than Teratornis merriami based on the holotypical os carpi ulnare, which would give a wingspan of about 5 m. She estimated (Howard, 1972:343) the radius she referred to A. incredibilis to be "approximately 40% broader than a large radius of T. merriami." The beak she referred to A. incredibilis was estimated to be "43% larger than the largest of four measurable specimens of T. merriami,'" based on what Howard (1972:343) considered the best available measurement. The ulna that Jefferson (1995:94) referred to A. incredibilis was said to be "about 57% larger than the average (39.6) of five measured specimens of Teratornis merriami from Rancho La Brea." Unfortunately, it is not possible to draw a direct size comparison between the partial humerus of A. incredibilis and humeri of T. merriami. The only accurate measurements that can be taken from the holotype of A. incredibilis are the width and depth near midshaft, and the width to depth proportions of the shaft are so different among the known genera of teratorns (Figure 3) as to make such a size comparison meaningless. Neither is it possible to determine accurately the size of the bird from which came the carpometacarpi referred to A. incredibilis because of the poor state of preservation of those specimens. A reasonable "eyeball" estimate, however, suggests that both of these specimens came from a bird with a wingspan intermediate between that of T merriami (3.5-4 m) and Argentavis magnificens (6-8 m). This gives a wingspan estimate of 5.0-5.5 m for A. incredibilis, which conforms with that estimated from the other specimens referred to this species.
NUMBER 89 175 Baumel, Julian J., editor 1993. Handbook of Avian Anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium. Second edition, xxiv+779 pages. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Nuttal Ornithological Club. Campbell, Kenneth E., Jr. 1995. Additional Specimens of the Giant Teratorn, Argentavis magnificens, from Argentina (Aves: Teratornithidae). Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 181:199-201. Campbell, Kenneth E., Jr., and Leslie Marcus 1992. The Relationship of Hindlimb Bone Dimensions to Body Weight in Birds. In K.E. Campbell, editor, Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Science Series. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County. 36:395-412. Campbell, Kenneth E., Jr., and Eduardo P. Tonni 1980. A New Genus of Teratorn from the Huayquerian of Argentina (Aves: Teratornithidae). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Contributions in Science, 330:59-68. 1982. Preliminary Observations on the Paleobiology and Evolution of Teratorns (Aves: Teratornithidae). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, l(3^):265-272. 1983. Size and Locomotion in Teratorns (Aves: Teratornithidae). Auk, 100:390-^03. Emslie, Steven D. 1988. The Fossil History and Phylogenetic Relationships of Condors (Ciconiiformes: Vulturidae) in the New World. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 8(2):212-228. 1995. An Early Irvingtonian Avifauna from Leisey Shell Pits, Hillsborough County, Florida. In R.C. Hulbert, Jr., G.S. Morgan, and S.D. Webb, editors, Paleontology and Geology of the Leisey Shell Pits, Early Pleistocene of Florida. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 37(l):299-344. Emslie, Steven D., and Timothy H. Heaton 1987. The Late Pleistocene Avifauna of Crystal Ball Cave, Utah. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 21:53-60. Evemden, J.F, D.E. Savage, G.H. Curtis, and G.T. James 1964. Potassium-Argon Dates and the Cenozoic Mammalian Chronology of North America. American Journal of Science, 262:145-198. Heaton, Timothy H. 1984. Preliminary Report on the Quaternary Vertebrate Fossils from Crystal Ball Cave, Millard County, Utah. Current Research in the Pleistocene, 1:65-67. Howard, Hildegarde 1952. The Prehistoric Avifauna of Smith Creek Cave, Nevada, with a Description of a New Gigantic Raptor. Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences, 51:50—54. 1963. Fossil Birds from the Anza-Borrego Desert. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Contributions in Science, 75:1-33. 1972. The Incredible Teratorn Again. Condor, 74(3):341-344. 1980. Illustrations of Avian Osteology Taken from "The Avifauna of Emeryville Shellmound." Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Contributions in Science, 330:xxvii-xxxviii. Jefferson, George T. 1995. An Additional Avian Specimen Referable to Teratornis incredibilis from the Early Irvingtonian, Vallecito-Fish Creek Basin, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, California. In P. Remeika and A. Sturz, editors, Paleontology and Geology of the Western Salton Trough Literature Cited Detachment, Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, California. Field Trip Guidebook and Volume for the 1995 San Diego Association of Geologist 's Field Trip to Anza-Borrego Desert State Park, 1:94—96. Jollie, Malcom 1976-1977. A Contribution to the Morphology and Phylogeny of the Falconiformes. Evolutionary Theory, 1:285-298; 2:115-300; 3: 1-142. Kennedy, M.P. 1977. Recency and Character of Faulting along the Elsinore Fault Zone in Southern Riverside County, California. California Division of Mines and Geology, Special Report, 131:1-12. Lundelius, E.L., Jr., T. Downs, E.H. Lindsay, H.A. Semken, R.J. Zakrzewski, CS. Churcher, CR. Harington, G.E. Schultz, and S. David Webb 1987. The North American Quaternary Sequence. In M.O. Woodbume, editor, Cenozoic Mammals of North America: Geochronology and Biostratigraphy, pages 211-235. Berkeley: University of California Press. MacFadden, Bruce J. 1995. Magnetic Polarity Stratigraphy and Correlation of the Leisey Shell Pits, Tampa Bay, Hillsborough County, Florida. In R.C. Hulbert, Jr., G.S. Morgan, and S.D. Webb, editors, Paleontology and Geology of the Leisey Shell Pits, Early Pleistocene of Florida. Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History, 37( 1): 107-116. Miller, Loye 1909. Teratornis, a New Avian Genus from Rancho La Brea. University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, 5:305-317. 1910. The Condor-like Vultures of Rancho La Brea. University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, 6: 1-19. 1925. The Birds of Rancho La Brea. Publications, Carnegie Institute of Washington, 349:63-106. Miller, Loye, and Hildegarde Howard 1938. The Status of the Extinct Condor-like Birds of the Rancho La Brea Pleistocene. Publications of the University of California at Los Angeles in Biological Sciences, 1:169-176. Miller, Wade, and Oscar Carranza-Castafieda 1984. Late Cenozoic Mammals from Central Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4(2):213-236. Olson, Storrs 1985. The Fossil Record of Birds. In D.S. Farmer, J.R. King, and K.C Parkes, editors, Avian Biology, 8:79-256. New York: Academic Press. Rea, Amadeo M. 1983. Cathartid Affinities: A Brief Overview. In S.R. Wilbur and J.A. Jackson, editors, Vulture Biology and Management, pages 26-54. Berkeley: University of California Press. Savage, D.E., and G.H. Curtis 1970. The Villafranchian Stage-Age and Radiometric Dating. Geological Society of America, Special Papers, 124:207-231. Scott, Eric, and Shelly M. Cox 1993. Arctodus simus (Cope, 1879) from Riverside County, California. PaleoBios, 15(2):27-36. Woodard, G.D. 1963. The Cenozoic Stratigraphy of the Western Colorado Desert, San Diego and Imperial Counties, Southern California. 223 pages. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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Page 149 and 150: Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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Page 165 and 166: NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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