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168 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Lister, Arian M., and Andree V. Sher 1995. Ice Cores and Mammoth Extinction. Nature, 378:23-24. Malmquist, M.G. 1985. Character Displacement and Biogeography of the Pygmy Shrew in Northern Europe. Ecology, 66(2):372-377. Mein, P. 1990. Updating of MN Zones. In E.H. Lindsay, V. Fahlbusch, and P. Mein, editors, European Neogene Mammal Chronology, pages 73-90. New York: Plenum Press. Mourer-Chauvire, Cecile 1975a. Les oiseaux du Pleistocene moyen et superieur de France. Documents des Laboratoire de Geologie de la Faculte de Sciences de Lyon, 64(2): 624 pages. 1975b. Les oiseaux (Aves) du gisement Pleistocene Moyen des Abimes da la Fage a Noailles (Correze). Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon, 13:89-112. 1983. Les oiseaux dans les habitats paleolithiques: gibier des hommes ou proies des rapaces? In C. Grigson and J. Clutton-Brock, editors, Animals in Archaelogy, II: Shell Middens, Fishes and Birds. British Archaeological Reports, International Series (Oxford), 183: 111-124. 1993. The Pleistocene Avifaunas of Europe. In A. Morales Muniz, editor, Archaeornithology: Birds and the Archaeological Record; Proceedings of the First Meeting of the ICAZ Bird Working Group, Madrid, October 1992. Archaeofauna, 2:53-56. Newton, E.T. 1924. Note on Bird's Bones from Merlin's Cave. Proceedings of the University of the Spelaeological Society, Bristol, 2:159-161. Potapova, OR. 1986. The Pleistocene Ptarmigans Lagopus from the Northern Urals. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute, Leningrad, 147:46-58. USSR Academy of Sciences. Scott, Kathleen M. 1985. Allometric Trends and Locomotor Adaptions in the Bovidae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 179(2): 197-288. Shackleton, N.J., and N.D. Opdyke 1973. Oxygen Isotope and Palaeomagnetic Stratigraphy of Equatorial Pacific Core V28-238: Oxygen Isotope Temperatures and Ice Volumes on a 10 5 and 10 6 Year Scale. Quaternary Research, 3:39-55. Stuart, A.J. 1991. Mammalian Extinctions in the Late Pleistocene of Northern Eurasia and North America. Biological Reviews, 66:453^462. Tyrberg, T. 1991. Arctic, Montane and Steppe Birds as Glacial Relicts in West Palearctic. Ornithologische Verhandlungen, 25:29-49. Voous, K.H. 1960. Atlas of European Birds. 284 pages. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, Limited. [Originally published as Atlas van de Europese Vogels, Amsterdam: Elsevier.] Zink, Robert M., and J.V. Remsen, Jr. 1986. Evolutionary Processes and Patterns of Geographic Variation in Birds. Current Ornithology, 4:1-69.
A New Genus for the Incredible Teratorn (Aves: Teratornithidae) ABSTRACT A partial humerus of a giant flying bird from Blancan (upper Pliocene) deposits of California is determined to be a teratorn, although the humerus differs from those of other known genera of the family Teratornithidae in the position of the attachment of the M. latissimus dorsi and in the shape of the humeral shaft. The new specimen is referred to the Incredible Teratorn, Teratornis incredibilis Howard (1952), and a reexamination of all the specimens previously referred to this taxon reveals sufficient grounds to erect a new genus for this species. The size of the new partial humerus suggests that the bird had a wingspan of approximately 5 m, which is the same estimate previously given for the Incredible Teratorn. Introduction Teratorns are members of an extinct family of giant flying birds, the Teratornithidae (Miller, 1925), which currently is placed within the order Ciconiiformes (Jollie, 1976-1977; Rea, 1983; Olson, 1985; Emslie, 1988). Three genera have been recognized in the family: Teratornis L. Miller (1909), Cathartornis L. Miller (1910), and Argentavis Campbell and Tonni (1980). One species has been assigned to each of the latter two genera, whereas two species have been assigned to Teratornis: T. merriami L. Miller (1910) and T. incredibilis Howard (1952). Teratorns were the largest flying birds known, with the largest, Argentavis magnificens Campbell and Tonni (1980), reaching a wingspan of 6-8 m and a weight of 72-79 kg (Campbell and Tonni, 1980; Campbell and Marcus, 1992). Our current understanding of teratorns has been summarized by Campbell and Tonni (1980, 1982, 1983) and Campbell (1995). Kenneth E. Campbell, Jr., Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States. Eric Scott and Kathleen B. Springer, San Bernardino County Museum, 2024 Orange Tree Lane, Redlands, California 92374, United States. Kenneth E. Campbell, Jr., Eric Scott, and Kathleen B. Springer 169 The discovery of a partial humerus of a teratorn of a size similar to that estimated for Teratornis incredibilis allows us to clarify the status of that species, to which five specimens of widely different ages (late Pliocene to late Pleistocene) have previously been referred. The holotype of the species, an os carpi ulnare (cuneiform) (Howard, 1952), is the most diagnostic specimen, whereas the four referred specimens are much less so. Although these specimens, namely, the proximal end of an ulna, the distal end of a radius, the fragmentary proximal end of a carpometacarpus, and the anterior portion of a beak, were not very diagnostic, they were identified as teratorns and were referred to T. incredibilis primarily on the basis of size (Howard, 1963, 1972; Emslie, 1995; Jefferson, 1995). A sixth specimen, the fragmentary distal end of a right carpometacarpus recently discovered in upper Pliocene deposits of central Mexico and described below, is assigned herein to this species. A seventh specimen, a vertebra, previously referred to T. incredibilis (Heaton, 1984) was later reassigned to T. merriami (Emslie and Heaton, 1987). This specimen was not seen by us. In spite of being rather fragmentary, the new specimen clearly possesses characters that unite it with the teratorns. At the same time, other characters clearly distinguish it from humeri of the genus Teratornis, which suggests that it represents a genus distinct from Teratornis. We took the opportunity this specimen provided to reexamine all specimens referred to T. incredibilis, and we found grounds for placing all of them in a new genus. Osteological terminology is from Baumel (1993) and Howard (1980). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—Fossil mammals from Murrieta were identified by R.L. Reynolds, San Bernardino County Museum; additional identifications were provided by CA. Repenning, United States Geological Survey. Paleontologie Resource Assessment Program (PRAP) mitigation was conducted in cooperation with H. Meyers of the Kulberg Group, Temecula. We thank R. Chandler, Georgia College and State University, and O. Carranza-Castaneda, Instituto de Geologia, Universidad Na-
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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