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NUMBER 89 155
the period studied. This is probably a safe assumption for most
of the seabirds in this study. It should be noted that none of the
31 faunas contains seabird species with allopatric ranges (although
this might have been the case if Puffinus yelkouan had
been treated as a distinct species). This absence of allopatric
species is in marked contrast to late Pleistocene nonmarine avifaunas,
where species that are today widely allopatric (e.g.,
Nyctea scandiaca and Alectoris spp.) frequently occur together.
This similarity with modern seabird faunas also is an argument
that the ecology of the species concerned has remained
fairly constant over the period studied.
Most of the reasonably well-dated faunas described above
are either from the western Mediterranean or from Norway.
The western Mediterranean faunas mostly suggest cool, biologically
productive seas, and the western Mediterranean together
with the waters around the Macaronesian islands may
have been an important refugium for boreal seabirds during
the coldest parts of the glaciation. Unfortunately, there is a
dearth of sites from the mildest parts of the glaciation and
Alcover, J.A., F. Florit, C. Mourer-Chauvire, and P.D.M. Weesie
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History Museum of Los Angeles County, 36:273-284.
Alcover, J.A., S. Moya-Sola, and J. Pons-Moya
1981. Les quimeres del passat. 260 pages. Ciutat de Mallorca: Editorial
Moll. [Instirucio Catalana d'Histdria Natural filial de l'lnstitut
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Ascenzi, A., and A.G. Segre
1971a. A New Neandertal Child Mandible from an Upper Pleistocene Site
in Southern Italy. Nature, London, 233(5317):280-283.
1971b. II giacimento con mandibola neandertaliana di Archi (Reggio Calabria).
Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rendiconti della Classe di
Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali, series 8, 50(6):763-771.
Bell, A.
1922. Pleistocene and Later Birds of Great Britain and Ireland. Naturalist,
Hull, 1922(Aug-Sept):251-253.
Bengtson, S.-A.
1984. Breeding Ecology and Extinction of the Great Auk (Pinguinus impennis):
Anecdotal Evidence and Conjectures. Auk, 101:1-12.
Bietti, A.
1987. Some Remarks on the New Radiocarbon Dates from the Arene Candide
Cave (Savona, Italy). Human Evolution, 2(2): 185-190.
Boessneck, J., and A. von den Driesch
1980. Tierknochenfunde aus der sudspanischen hohlen. Studien uber
Fruhe Tierknochenfunde von der Iberischen Halbinsel, 7:160-185.
Bowen, D.Q.
1970. The Palaeoenvironment of the 'Red Lady' of Paviland. Antiquity,
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Literature Cited
from the eastern Mediterranean basin, although an isolated
record shows that Morus bassanus occurred as far east as
Crete during some part of the last glaciation (Suriano,
1980).
The Norwegian faunas, of course, date only from the milder
parts of the glaciation and are perhaps most interesting as illustrations
of violent climatic and environmental shifts during the
late Pleistocene. This is particularly striking when comparing
the Blomvag fauna (Figure 9) from the mild Boiling interstadial
with the 2000 years younger Grotta Romanelli fauna (Figure
11) from the cold Dryas 3 stadial. The occurrence of Pinguinus
impennis in both these faunas is particularly noteworthy and
suggests that even this nonvolant species was capable of
changing its distribution quite rapidly in response to changing
conditions. This contradicts Bengtson's (1984) theory that the
extinction of Pinguinus impennis was at least partly due to an
inability to adapt to environmental changes and supports the
traditional view that the species' extinction was directly caused
by human action.
Cassoli, P.F., and A.G. Segre
1985. L'Alca impenne Alca impennis del Pleistocene d'ltalia. In M. Fasola,
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1946. Uccelli paleolitici degli strati basali della Grotta dei Fanciuli ai Balzi
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Eastham, A.
1968. The Avifauna of Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar. Bulletin of the Institute
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