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148 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 7.—Area of sympatry of seabirds from Arene Candide, Italy, layer P7 (Calonectris diomedea, Uria aalge). (#=fossil site.) small overlap in the elements of the fauna may indicate a considerable degree of climatic change during the period of deposition. In any case, the rich seabird avifauna indicates that the sea off Granada must have been cool and biologically rich at the time. THE LATE GLACIAL.—Sites with avifaunas from this interval (ca. 13,000-10,000 yrs. BP) are more common than for earlier intervals. Dating of the sites also is more exact, which makes it possible to divide late glacial records into three climatically distinct phases, the Boiling and Allerod interstadials and the Dryas 3 (Younger Dryas) stadial. The Boiling interstadial (ca. 13,000-12,000 yrs. BP) was a quite mild interval, when at least summer temperatures may have approached present values in some areas. Climatic conditions during the Allerod interstadial (ca. 11,800-10,800 yrs. BP) are somewhat controversial. The traditional view is that it was an interstadial comparable to, or even warmer than, Boiling and separated from it by a short but cold stadial (Dryas 2) ca. 12,000 yrs. BP. More recently the re-
NUMBER 89 149 FIGURE 8.—Area of sympatry of seabirds from Cueva de Nerja, Spain (upper Paleolithic layer) (Puffinus puffinus. Puffinus gravis, Puffinus griseus, Calonectris diomedea, Morus bassanus, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Uria aalge, Alca torda, Pinguinus impennis). (•=fossil site.) ality of the Dryas 2 stadial has been questioned, and it has been argued that Allerod was actually colder than Boiling (Nilssom, 1983). There is, however, no doubt that during the Dryas 3 stadial (ca. 10,800-10,100 yrs. BP), the last "cold snap" of the Wurmian glacial cycle, there was a return to fully glacial climatic conditions lasting several centuries. The Blomvag site near Bergen in Norway is securely CI 4dated to the Boiling interstadial (12,700-12,200 yrs. BP) (Lie, 1986). The seabird fauna consists of nine species {Fulmarus glacialis, Puffinus puffinus, Somateria mollissima, Rissa tridactyla, Alca torda, Uria aalge, U. lomvia, Cepphus grylle, Pinguinus impennis). The area of sympatry of these species (Figure 9) indicates conditions only slightly colder than at present. This implies a considerable contrast between conditions in the Norwegian Sea and on land because most of Scandinavia was still ice-covered at this time, and the ice-edge must
- Page 107 and 108: NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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148<br />
SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY<br />
FIGURE 7.—Area of sympatry of seabirds from Arene Candide, Italy, layer P7 (Calonectris diomedea, Uria<br />
aalge). (#=fossil site.)<br />
small overlap in the elements of the fauna may indicate a considerable<br />
degree of climatic change during the period of deposition.<br />
In any case, the rich seabird avifauna indicates that the<br />
sea off Granada must have been cool and biologically rich at<br />
the time.<br />
THE LATE GLACIAL.—Sites with avifaunas from this interval<br />
(ca. 13,000-10,000 yrs. BP) are more common than for earlier<br />
intervals. Dating of the sites also is more exact, which makes it<br />
possible to divide late glacial records into three climatically<br />
distinct phases, the Boiling and Allerod interstadials and the<br />
Dryas 3 (Younger Dryas) stadial. The Boiling interstadial (ca.<br />
13,000-12,000 yrs. BP) was a quite mild interval, when at least<br />
summer temperatures may have approached present values in<br />
some areas. Climatic conditions during the Allerod interstadial<br />
(ca. 11,800-10,800 yrs. BP) are somewhat controversial. The<br />
traditional view is that it was an interstadial comparable to, or<br />
even warmer than, Boiling and separated from it by a short but<br />
cold stadial (Dryas 2) ca. 12,000 yrs. BP. More recently the re-
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