PDF (Lo-Res) - Smithsonian Institution Libraries

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introduced by humans, from the fossiliferous layer, associated with bones of Cylindraspis borbonica: 365±35 BP (OxA-5993 (Lyon 200)). Interval in real years after calibration: 1458-1633 AD (confidence interval 95%). This date agrees very well with historical accounts indicating that pigs were released on the island in or before 1629(<strong>Lo</strong>ugnon, 1970, 1992). The three dates obtained for the Marais de 1'Ermitage indicate that the remains of tortoises, birds, and bats accumulated over a period of at least 1400 years, from about 300 AD to about 1700 AD. All the bird material from Marais de l'Ermitage is in MHNR and has the prefix MHN-RUN-FE-O. Caverne de la Tortue.—This cave is situated in the territory of Saint-Paul, near Chemin Bruniquel, between the localities of La Saline, the upper village, and La Saline-les-Bains, on the ocean side, approximately halfway between Ravine de la Saline, at the northwest, and Ravine Tabac, at the southeast, at an altitude of about 250 m above sea level. It is a complex cavern, including several galleries, and extends over a maximum length of 322 m (Brial, 1996). The entrance is through the roof of a tunnel, the floor being situated 5 m below. The bird remains were collected on 23 March 1996 by Jean-Michel Probst and Pierre Brial, in Salle des Tortues Geantes. They were situated on the surface of the floor, along the walls, and associated with remains of the extinct tortoise (C borbonica), introduced mammals {Capra hircus Linnaeus, Lepus nigricollis Cuvier, Rattus sp., Tenrec ecaudatus (Schreber)), and molluscs (Brial, 1996). The bones are poorly preserved and appear recent. The tortoise disappeared from this part of the island between 1717 and 1732 (Bour, 1980a), and Lepus nigricollis was introduced between 1868 and 1887 (Cheke, 1987), so the age of the animal SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY remains is unknown. The material is in MHNR and has the prefix MHN-RUN-CT. A list of species identified in the different localities is given in Table 1. Systematic Paleontology Family PROCELLARHDAE Genus Puffinus Brisson Puflinus pacificus (Gmelin, 1789) Wedge-tailed Shearwater MATERIAL.—Grotte des Premiers Francais: Very numerous remains from all parts of the skeleton, corresponding at least to 5 individuals (4 adults, 1 juvenile) in layer 4 and to 43 individuals (21 adults, 22 juveniles) in layer 5. Grotte "au sable": Very numerous remains, corresponding at least to 14 individuals (5 adults, 9 juveniles): 330549-330571, 330589-330590, 330592-330595, 330598, 330600- 330627, 330639-330641, 330644, 330647-330650, 330653-330660, 330665-330667, 330669, 330671-330683, 330700-330711, 330727-330729. Grotte de l'Autel and Grotte "au sable": Very numerous remains, corresponding at least to 7 individuals (5 adults, 2 juveniles): 330763-330800. Marais de l'Ermitage: 1. p. ulna, 1836; 1. d. ulna, very abraded, 1919; r. d. tarsometatarsus, 1835; 2 1. tarsometatarsi, 1833, 1834; pedal phalanx, 1837. Caverne de la Tortue: r. p. humerus, 28; fragment of r. carpometacarpus, 29; 1. tarsometatarsus, 30. TABLE 1.—List of the bird species found in the different fossil localities. The numbers correspond to the minimum numbers of individuals. Species Puffinus pacificus Puffinus Iherminieri Phaethon lepturus Nycticorax duboisi Threskiornis solitarius Phoenicopterus ruber Alopochen (A/.) kervazoi Anas theodori cf. Ay thy a sp. Falco duboisi Dryolimnas augusti, new species Fulica newtonii Numenius phaeopus Nesoenas duboisi Streptopelia piclurata Mascarinus mascarinus Mascarenotus grucheti Fregilupus varius Total Grotte des Premiers Francais 48 28 1 1 1 - 2 - 2 - 1 1 1 - 1 I 1 89 Grotte de l'Autel T 4* 1 1 2 - 2 - 1 1 - 1 - 1 2 - 23 Grotte "au sable" 14 11 - - - 1 - - - - - 1 2 1 - 30 'Combined collections from Grotte de l'Autel and Grotte "au Sable.' Marais de l'Ermitage 2 - -2 3 8 3 1 1 - - 3 - _ - _ 1 - 24 Caveme de la Tortue 1 - - -_ - - - - 2 _ _ _ - _ - - 3
NUMBER 89 Puffinus Iherminieri Lesson, 1840 Audubon's Shearwater MATERIAL.—Grotte des Premiers Francais: Very numerous remains from all parts of the skeleton, corresponding at least to 1 adult in layer 4 and to 27 individuals (14 adults, 13 juveniles) in layer 5. Grotte "au sable": Very numerous remains, corresponding at least to 11 individuals (2 adults, 9 juveniles): 330572-330588, 330591, 330596-330597, 330599, 330628-330638, 330642-330643, 330645-330646, 330651-330652, 330661-330664, 330668, 330670, 330684-330699, 330712-330726. Grotte de l'Autel and Grotte "au sable": Very numerous remains, corresponding at least to 4 individuals (2 adults, 2 juveniles): 330745-330762. REMARKS.—The high proportion of juveniles indicates that both species of Puffinus were probably nesting in these cavities or their surroundings. Puffinus pacificus now nests at Reunion only on a small islet, accessible only with difficulty for humans or introduced mammals, whereas P. Iherminieri nests in numerous parts of the island (Jouanin, 1987). In the three caves, P. pacificus is more numerous than P. Iherminieri, but at present P. Iherminieri is much more common on the island. Two other species of Procellariidae, Pseudobulweria aterrima (Bonaparte) and Pterodroma baraui (Jouanin), now nest on Reunion, at high altitudes. Subfossil remains of P. baraui have been found in the Caverne a Cotte, at about 1800 m elevation (Jouanin and Gill, 1967). In our fossil localities, which are situated at low elevation, we did not find remains that can be attributed to either of these species. The limited fossil evidence therefore suggests that they may always have nested at higher elevations than Puffinus. Family PHAETHONTIDAE Genus Phaethon Linnaeus Phaethon lepturus Daudin, 1802 White-tailed Tropicbird FIGURE 4/ MATERIAL.—Grotte des Premiers Francais: Part of skull, 1993-51. Grotte de l'Autel: 1. coracoid, 330515 (Figure At). REMARKS.—The internal length of the coracoid is 39.0 mm, which falls within the range of variation of modern P. lepturus (36.2^10.1, «=10) and is clearly smaller than in the other two species, P. rubricauda Boddaert, the Red-tailed Tropicbird (47.0-53.9, /i=24), and P. aethereus Linnaeus, the Red-billed Tropicbird (47.0-50.4, «=7). Phaethon lepturus still nests on Reunion. Family ARDEIDAE Genus Nycticorax Forster Megaphoyx Hachisuka 1937b: 148 [type by original designation, Ardea megacephala Milne-Edwards, 1874]. Each of the three Mascarene islands sustained an extinct species of Nycticorax. The first of these species was described from Rodrigues by Milne-Edwards (1874) under the name Ardea megacephala. Giinther and Newton (1879) showed that the Rodrigues heron belonged in the genus Nycticorax and that, although its size was not very different from a large modern N. nycticorax (Linnaeus), its wing bones were proportionally shorter and its femur, tarsometatarsus, and pedal phalanges proportionally longer. Actually, when compared with typical N. nycticorax nycticorax, the wings are not very short, but the femora, tibiotarsi, and tarsometatarsi are wider, longer, and more robust (Cowles, 1987). Newton and Gadow (1893) described a second, Mauritian species, Butorides mauritianus, which is smaller than N. megacephalus, and then Rothschild (1907) described a third species, from Reunion, under the name of Ardea duboisi. Rothschild placed the three species in the genus Ardea but wrote (1907:115): "From the short, stout legs and general build, I am inclined to think that all three of these Herons belong to the genus Nycticorax." Later, other authors (Lambrecht, 1933; Hachisuka, 1953; Brodkorb, 1963) placed the three species in different genera, and it was Cowles (1987) who first formally united them in the genus Nycticorax. Nycticorax duboisi (Rothschild, 1907), new combination Reunion Night Heron FIGURE 4a-h "Butors ou Grands Gauziers" Dubois, 1674:169. Ardea duboisi Rothschild, 1907:114 [based on birds described by Dubois (1674) from Bourbon (= Reunion Island)]. Megaphoyx duboisi.—Hachisuka, 1953:175. Nycticorax n. sp. Cowles, 1987:94. Nycticorax borbonensis Cowles, 1994:90, fig.ld,e [new synonymy; holotype, distal half of left tibiotarsus MNHN, LAC 1993-35, from bed 4, Grotte des Premiers Francais (Grande Caverne), Reunion Island]. MATERIAL.—Grotte des Premiers Francais: Holotype of N. borbonensis (see below). Grotte de l'Autel: r. scapula, 330516. Marais de l'Ermitage: r. scapula, 1866; 1. p. coracoid, 1831; 1. d. humerus, 1826; r. ulna, 1828; 1. p. ulna, 1832; r. femur, 1827; 2 r. d. tibiotarsi, 1829, 1830; r. tarsometatarsus, 1916; 2 1. d. tarsometatarsi, 1865, 1917. DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISONS.—The material from Reunion agrees perfectly with the genus Nycticorax. The different species of this genus show much variation in size, the largest being N. caledonicus (Gmelin), which lives in Indonesia, Australia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, and in some Pacific archipelagos (Mayr and Cottrell, 1979). The remains of N.
Page 1 and 2: »'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
Page 3: SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
Page 6 and 7: ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
Page 8 and 9: EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
Page 10 and 11: v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
Page 12 and 13: localities, all of them situated in
Page 16 and 17: duboisi are larger than the largest
Page 18 and 19: 8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
Page 20 and 21: 10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
Page 26 and 27: 16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
Page 30 and 31: 20 sometatarsus are proportionally
Page 32 and 33: 22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
Page 36 and 37: 26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
Page 44 and 45: 34 ability in such a way that it ca
Page 52 and 53: 42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
Page 54 and 55: Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
Page 58 and 59: 48 the last has unusually slender w
Page 60 and 61: 50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
Page 64 and 65:
54 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 77 and 78:
Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
Page 79 and 80:
NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
Page 81 and 82:
NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
Page 83:
NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 95 and 96:
The History of the Chatham Islands'
Page 97 and 98:
NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
Page 99 and 100:
NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
Page 101 and 102:
NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
Page 103 and 104:
NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
Page 105 and 106:
NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
Page 107 and 108:
NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
Page 109 and 110:
NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
Page 111 and 112:
NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
Page 113 and 114:
NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
Page 115 and 116:
NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
Page 117 and 118:
NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
Page 119:
NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
Page 122 and 123:
112 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
Page 124 and 125:
Page 126 and 127:
Page 128 and 129:
Page 130 and 131:
Page 132 and 133:
Page 135 and 136:
The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
Page 137:
NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
Page 140 and 141:
130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
Page 142 and 143:
132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 149 and 150:
Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
Page 151 and 152:
NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
Page 153 and 154:
NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
Page 163 and 164:
NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
Page 165 and 166:
NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
Page 167:
NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
Page 176 and 177:
166 birds, such as the two species
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
Page 187 and 188:
The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
Page 189 and 190:
NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
Page 191 and 192:
NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
Page 193 and 194:
NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
Page 195 and 196:
Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
Page 197 and 198:
NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
Page 199 and 200:
NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
Page 201 and 202:
NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
Page 203 and 204:
NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
Page 205 and 206:
NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
Page 207 and 208:
NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
Page 209 and 210:
A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
Page 211 and 212:
NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
Page 213 and 214:
NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
Page 215 and 216:
NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
Page 217 and 218:
A New Genus and Species of the Fami
Page 219 and 220:
NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
Page 221 and 222:
NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
Page 223 and 224:
NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
Page 225 and 226:
NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
Page 227 and 228:
Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
Page 229 and 230:
NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
Page 231 and 232:
NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
Page 233 and 234:
A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
Page 235 and 236:
NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
Page 237 and 238:
NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
Page 239 and 240:
NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
Page 241 and 242:
The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
Page 243 and 244:
NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
Page 245 and 246:
NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
Page 247 and 248:
NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
Page 249 and 250:
NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
Page 251 and 252:
NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
Page 253:
NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
Page 256 and 257:
Page 258 and 259:
Page 260 and 261:
Page 263 and 264:
Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
Page 265 and 266:
NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
Page 267 and 268:
NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
Page 269:
NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 280 and 281:
Page 282 and 283:
Page 284 and 285:
274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
Page 286 and 287:
276 concerning the amphicoelous str
Page 288 and 289:
278 ment of the radius that are con
Page 290 and 291:
280 The left coracoid is represente
Page 292 and 293:
Page 294 and 295:
284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
Page 296 and 297:
Page 298 and 299:
288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
Page 300 and 301:
290 1991). In this paper we use a "
Page 302 and 303:
Page 305 and 306:
Implantation and Replacement of Bir
Page 307 and 308:
NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
Page 309 and 310:
NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
Page 311 and 312:
Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
Page 313 and 314:
NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
Page 315 and 316:
NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
Page 317 and 318:
NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
Page 319:
NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 335:
Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Page 342 and 343:
Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
338 evolved independently twice." M
Page 350 and 351:
Page 352 and 353:
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356:
1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
show all

PDF (Lo-Res) - Smithsonian Institution Libraries

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?