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126 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY FIGURE 1.—Map of Sicily (shaded); inset shows the position of Spinagallo cave (*). Remarks The Pleistocene avifauna contains two new extinct species that are probably endemic to Sicily: a giant Tyto, similar in size to Tyto robusta (Ballmann, 1973), and a new species of Athene, characterized by having the legs longer than in Athene noctua but shorter than in Athene cretensis (Weesie, 1982). Descriptions of both are in preparation. Another extinct species, an undetermined Corvidae, probably the same as found in the Balearic Islands (Alcover et al., 1992), was found in Spinagallo and in another cave in Sicily of the same age (Alcover, pers. comm., 1995). Bones of a large crane, similar in size to the living Grus antigone, also were found. The presence of apparently endemic forms, combined with other typical features of insular avifaunas (Alcover et al., 1992), seems to confirm the isolation of Sicily during the middle Pleistocene, as previously suggested by the mammalian fauna. One of the most evident characteristics of fossil island avifaunas is the absence of Galliformes, with the exception of Coturnix coturnix (Alcover et al, 1992), which is true of Spinagallo. This is in contrast to mainland cave avifaunas, which are dominated by members of this order. On the Mediterranean islands, remains of C. coturnix are common, doubtless because of the migratory habits of the species. The absence of partridges of the genus Alectoris also is typical, although they are now present on Mediterranean islands, probably due to human intro duction, and are very common. The presence of Laridae differs from the normal composition of insular avifaunas (Alcover et al., 1992) but can be explained by the short distance between Sicily and the mainland, where fossil and recent gulls are both recorded. The composition of the avifauna suggests a coastal environment with a cliff close to the sea; the same Miocene cliff in which the cave was formed. This physiographic feature supported many species, such as Geronticus eremita, Falco eleonorae, F. tinnunculus, Tyto (species undescribed), Columba livia, Apodidae, and Pyrrhocorax graculus. Inland, on top of the cliff, it is supposed that there was an extension of Mediterranean forest with large trees and dense undergrowth, appropriate habitat for Accipiter gentilis, A. nisus, Falco subbuteo, Scolopax rusticola, Strigidae (except the probable vagrant Surnia ulula), Columba palumbus, Streptopelia turtur, Caprimulgus europaeus, all the Picidae, and many Passeriformes. Along the sea, wetland is indicated by the Anseriformes and other waterbirds such as Laridae. The records of Falco columbarius, Caprimulgus europaeus, and many Passeriformes, such as Alaudidae, Anthus sp., Lanius senator, Oenanthe hispanica, Carduelis sp., and the Emberizidae, suggest that open, dry country with scattered bushes also was present. The number of birds of prey in the Spinagallo fauna is high, possibly because many raptors lived in or near the cave.
NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grotta ad elefanti nani di Spinagallo (Siracusa). Atti della Accademia delle Scienze di Ferrara, 37:9-15. Accordi, B., B. Campisi, and R. Colacicchi 1959. Scoperta di un giacimento pleistocenico a elefanti nani e ghiro gigante nella grotta di Spinagallo (Siracusa). Atti della Accademia Gioenia Scienze Naturali di Catania, 12:167-182. Accordi, B., and R. Colacicchi 1962. Excavations in the Pigmy Elephants Cave of Spinagallo (Siracusa). Geologica Romana, 1:217-229. Alcover J.A., F. Florit, C. Mourer-Chauvire, and P.D.M. Weesie 1992. The Avifaunas of the Isolated Mediterranean Islands during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. In K.E. Campbell, editor, Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Science Series, Natural History Museum of <strong>Lo</strong>s Angeles County, 36:273-283. Ambrosetti, P. 1968. The Pleistocene Dwarf Elephants of Spinagallo (Siracusa, South Eastern Sicily). Geologica Romana, 7:277-398. 1969. Rappresentanti del genere Leithia nel Pleistocene della Sicilia. Memorie del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, 75-80. Bada, J.L., G. Belluomini, L. Bonfiglio, M. Branca, E. Burgio, and L. Delitala 1991. Isoleucine Epimerisation Ages of Quaternary Mammals from Sicily. // Quaternario, 4(la):49-54. Literature Cited 127 Ballmann, P. 1973. Fossile Vogel aus dem Neogen der Halbinsel Gargano (Italien). Scripta Geologica, 17:1-75. Kotsakis, T. 1977. I resti di anfibi e rettili pleistocenici della grotta di Spinagallo (Siracusa, Sicilia). Geologica Romana, 16:211-229. 1984. Crocidura esui n.sp. (Soricidae, Insectivora) du Pleistocene de Spinagallo (Sicile orientale, Italie). Geologica Romana, 23:51-64. Kotsakis, T, and C Petronio 1980. I chirotteri del Pleistocene superiore della grotta di Spinagallo (Siracusa, Sicilia). Bollettino del Servizio Geologico d'ltalia, 101: 49-76. Petronio, C. 1970. I roditori pleistocenici della grotta di Spinagallo (Siracusa). Geologica Romana, 9:149-194. Voous, K.H.F. 1973. List of Recent Holarctic Bird Species, Non-Passerines. Ibis, 115: 612-638. 1977. List of Recent Holarctic Bird Species, Passerines. Ibis, 119: 223-250, 376-406. Weesie, P.D.M. 1982. A Pleistocene Endemic Island Form within the Genus Athene: Athene cretensis n.sp. (Aves, Strigiformes) from Crete. Proceedings of the Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, section B, 85(3):323-336.
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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246 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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