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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of Spinagallo Cave (Sicily, Italy): Preliminary Report ABSTRACT A preliminary study of the middle Pleistocene birds from Spinagallo Cave (Siracusa, Sicily) shows an avifauna composed of 61 species (28 Passeriformes and 33 non-Passeriformes), including Anseriformes, Falconiformes, Gruiformes, Charadriformes, and Strigiformes. Three extinct taxa, probably new to science, include a large Tyto, a long-legged Athene, and a small species of Corvidae to be described later. Paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the site indicates a temperate climate, like the present or slightly colder. Introduction In 1959 and 1960, many fossil bones were collected from Pleistocene cave deposits in Spinagallo Cave, near Siracusa, southeastern Sicily, Italy (Accordi et al., 1959; Accordi and Colacicchi, 1962) (Figure 1). The fossil association contains bones of mammals, especially dwarf elephants, reptiles, amphibians, and birds. The age, determined by Bada et al. (1991) from amino-acid racemization analysis of mammal bones, is about 500,000 years, or middle Pleistocene. There are no signs of human activities on the bones or in the cave, so the accumulation is not artificial. The specimens have been stored in the Museum of the Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra (Universita "La Sapienza") di Roma. The Pleistocene vertebrate fauna of mammals, reptiles, and amphibians from Spinagallo has been described by various authors (Accordi, 1962; Ambrosetti, 1968, 1969; Petronio, 1970; Kotsakis, 1977, 1984; Kotsakis and Petronio, 1980). The eastern part of Sicily, during the middle Pleistocene, was inhabited by two species of dwarf elephants (Ambrosetti, 1968), a giant species of Gliridae (Ambrosetti, 1969; Petronio 1970), and an exctinct lizard (Kotsakis, 1977, 1984; Delfino, pers. comm., 1995). The mammal and reptile faunas seem to indicate that Sicily was isolated during most of the Pleistocene and was colonized by a typically mainland fauna only in the late Pleistocene. Marco Pavia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Via Accademia delle Scienze 5, 10123 Torino, Italy. Marco Pavia 125 The fossil avifauna consists of almost 1000 bones that have been identified by comparison with recent skeletons in the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino, the Regalia Collection stored in the Institut de Paleontologie Humaine de Paris, and the collections of the Departement des Sciences de la Terre de 1'Universite de Lyon. Systematic List The avifauna of Spinagallo is composed of 61 taxa, which are listed according to the nomenclature of Voous (1973, 1977). Non-passeriformes Passeriformes Geronticus eremita Anser erythropus Branta sp. Anas penelope Anas querquedula Marmaronetta angustirostris Accipiter gent His Accipter nisus Falco tinnunculus Falco cotumbarius Falco subbuteo Falco eleonorae Coturnix coturnix Rallus aquaticus Grus sp. Recurvirostra avosetta Scolopax rusticola Larus minutus Larus ridibundus Columba livia Columba livia/oenas Columba palumbus Streptopelia turtur Cuculus canorus Tyto, species undescribed'' Otus scops cf. Surnia ulula Athene, species undescribedt Asio otus Caprimulgus cf. europaeus Apus apus/pallidus Apus melba Picus viridis Dendrocopos leucotos Calandrella brachydactyla Lullula arborea Hirundo sp. Anthus sp. Prunella modularis Erithacus nubecula Oenanthe cf. hispanica Monticola solitarius Turdus sp. 1 Turdus sp. 2 Sylvia sp. Phylloscopus sibilatrix/ collybita Lanius senator Pica pica Pyrrhocorax graculus Corvidae genus and species indet.''' Sturnus sp. Petronia petronia Fringilla coelebs/montifringilla Serinus sp. Carduelis chloris Carduelis sp. Pyrrhula pyrrhula Coccothraustes coccothraustes Emberiza sp. 1 Emberiza sp. 2 Emberiza sp. 3 Passeriformes indet.
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 175 Baumel, Julian J., ed
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182 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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188 FIGURE 2.—Locations of late P
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190 slopes from Mexico to Peru (Bro
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196 ronment that developed from the
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204 is about 80% of the external ta
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210 siderably more sternally than d
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212 FIGURE 2.—Elements of shoulde
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214 possess well-developed Mm. exte
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216 Literature Cited Bannikov, Alex
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232 provide the first record of thi
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234 ETYMOLOGY.—Dedicated to the c
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240 FIGURE 9.—Left manus (ulnare,
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New Material of Juncitarsus (Phoeni
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NUMBER 89 247 relatives among the f
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NUMBER 89 249 in lateral view in Ju
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258 DISCUSSION.—Considering that
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A New Species of Graculavus from th
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NUMBER 89 263 10mm FIGURE 1.—Prox
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NUMBER 89 265 morphic among them. W
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Implications of the Cranial Morphol
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NUMBER 89 269 C Psp Lep FIGURE 3.
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The Relationships of the Early Cret
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NUMBER 89 277 of fossil fishes, the
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NUMBER 89 279 FIGURE 3.—Compositi
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Enantiornithes: Earlier Birds than
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Feathered Dinosaur or Bird? A New L
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300 Brown, B., and E.M. Schlaikjer
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A Comparison of the Jaw Skeleton in
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B FIGURE 2.—Oviraptorid specimen
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NUMBER 89 315 which is unlike that
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NUMBER 89 317 cidae, Anhimidae, Col
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NUMBER 89 321 FIGURE 6. Table 1. -U
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New Aspects of Avian Origins: Round
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Early Avian Evolution: Roundtable R
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The Origin of Bird Flight: Roundtab
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Manuscripts intended for series pub
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