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116 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY species of Mohoua are distributed one on North Island and two on South Island. North Island has two endemic monotypic genera, Notiomystis and Heterolocha. Procellariids are not listed here, although at least 15 species nested on one island or the other. A total of 94 species lived in inland habitats in mainland areas of New Zealand prior to human colonization: 82 on North Island and 84 on South Island. The birds recorded in fossil faunas from South Island are listed in Table 2. Taxon Megalapteryx didinus Anomalopteryx didiformis Pachyornis elephantopus Pachyornis australis Euryapteryx geranoides Emeus crassus Dinornis struthoides Dinornis novaezealandiae Dinornis giganteus Apteryx australis/haastii Apteryx owenii Poliocephalus rufopectus Procellaria parkinsoni Procellaria westlandica Pterodroma inexpectata Pterodroma cookii Puffinus griseus Puffinus spelaeus (s) or gavia/huttoni (g/h) Pelecanoides urinatrix Oceanites nereis Fregetta tropica ssp. Pelagodroma marina Pachyptila turtur Anas chlorotis Anas gracilis Anas superciliosa Aythya novaeseelandiae Euryanas finschi Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos Malacorhynchus scarletti Biziura delautouri Tadorna variegata Cnemiornis calcitrans Cygnus sumnerensis CHANGES CAUSED BY THE LOWERED TREELINE Some faunal changes are directly explicable as the result of downslope movement of faunal groups that in the Holocene are associated with the subalpine zone. The recovery of faunas from the numerous fossil sites in the extensive areas of karst in subalpine areas of northwest Nelson has provided considerable data (Worthy, 1989, unpublished data). Fossil avifaunas from caves now above the treeline (>1200 m) are assumed to have accumulated in the last few thousand years of the Holocene because the karst was glaciated in the last glacial period. More- TABLE 2.—The fossil avifauna of South Island, New Zealand. West coast data is from Worthy and Holdaway (1993), with glacial faunas derived particularly from Babylon Cave, Hermits Cave, and Honeycomb Hill (Worthy, 1993). Takaka faunas are from Worthy and Holdaway (1994a), with sites in Irvines Tomo, the cave in the Golden Bay Cement Co. silica quarry, Hawkes Cave, Kairuru Cave, and Hobsons Tomo, the most important site for the Otiran fauna. Data for North Canterbury is mainly from the Waikari study area (Worthy and Holdaway, 1996), but the last glacial faunas are derived from Merino Cave, Mt. Cookson (Worthy and Holdaway, 1995), fluvial sites at Omihi Stream, Waipara (Worthy and Holdaway, 1996), and from loess sites (Worthy, 1993b). Data for South Canterbury and for Otago is from Worthy (1997, unpublished data, respectively). (Ab=species at least locally abundant, coastal=species present only in coastal sites, rare=species rare, valley=species present only in Takaka Valley, Y = species present in fossil record.) West Coast (Glacial) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y 1 Y (Ab) 2 Y Y Y Y Y(s)(Ab) Y (Ab) 3 ? Y(Ab) Y(Ab) ? Y Y (Ab) 4 West Coast (Holocene) Y Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y Y(s) (Ab) Y ? Y Y Y Takaka (Glacial) Y Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y (valley) Y Y(s) Y(Ab) Y (valley) Y (valley) Takaka (Holocene) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y(s) Y(Ab) Y North Canterbury (Glacial) Y Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y North Canterbury (Holocene) Y(rare) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y Y (coastal) Y(g/h) Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) Y South Canterbury (Glacial) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y Y(Ab) Y(Ab) South Canterbury (Holocene) Y (rare) Y (rare) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y (rare) Y Y Y Y Y Y(g/h) Y Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y(Ab) North Otago (Holocene) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y Y(g/h) Y Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Central Otago (Holocene) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y (rare) Y Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y(Ab)
NUMBER 89 Taxon Strigops habroptilus Nestor meridionalis Nestor notabilis Cyanoramphus spp. Ninox novaeseelandiae Sceloglaux albifacies Aegotheles novaezealandiae Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae Eudynamys taitensis Falco novaeseelandiae Circus eylesi Harpagornis moorei Gallinula hodgenorum Gallirallus australis Gallirallus philippensis Porphyrio hochstetteri Fulica prisca Aptomis defossor Larus dominicanus Coenocorypha aucklandica Charadrius bicinctus Thinornis novaeseelandiae Sterna albostriata Himantopus novaezelandiae Egretta alba Phalacrocorax carbo Phalacrocorax varius Coturnix novaezelandiae Acanthisitta chloris Xenicus sp. Traversia lyalli Pachyplichas yaldwyni Dendroscansor decurvirostris Bowdleria punctata Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae Anthornis melanura Petroica australis Petroica macrocephala Mohoua ochrocephala Mohoua novaeseelandiae Gerygone igata Corvus moriorum Rh ipidura fuliginosa Anthus novaeseelandiae Callaeas cinerea Philesturnus carunculatus Turnagra capensis TOTAL 6 West Coast (Glacial) Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y (Ab) 5 Y Y Y Y Y ? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 42-45 West Coast (Holocene) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y 42 Takaka (Glacial) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y ? Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 27-28 TABLE 2 —Continued. Takaka (Holocene) Y(Ab) Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y (rare, valley) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y rare Y Y(Ab) Y rare 40 North Canterbury (Glacial) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 25 North Canterbury (Holocene) Y Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) 1 Pachyornis australis was abundant in Honeycomb Hill (300 m above sea level (a.s.l.)) Otiran faunas. 2 Euryapteryx geranoides was common at low levels on the west coast but was rare at Honeycomb Hill. 64 South Canterbury (Glacial) 3 Pelecanoides urinatrix was abundant in some coastal sites in the Otiran, e.g., Road Cave (Worthy, unpublished data). A Cnemiornis was abundant at low levels on the west coast but was rare at Honeycomb Hill in the Otiran. 5 Aptornis was abundant at Honeycomb Hill (300 m a.s.l.) but was rare at low levels on the west coast in the Otiran. Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 13 South Canterbury North Otago (Holocene) (Holocene) Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y (rare) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) 6 This total species diversity does not include recent self-introduced species, listed below, or any of the European introductions that are incorporated in the youngest faunas. The following species are not found in any deposits demonstrably older than 1000 years and so are assumed to have colonized New Zealand following the habitat disruptions caused by Polynesians: shoveler (Anas rhynchotis), pukeko (Por phyrio p. melanotus), and Australasian Harrier (Circus approximans). 59 Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y Y Y Y Y Y(Ab) Y(Ab) Y Y(Ab) 58 117 Central Otago (Holocene) YiAb) Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y 16
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
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Page 77 and 78: Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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Page 81 and 82: NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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Page 95 and 96: The History of the Chatham Islands'
Page 97 and 98: NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
Page 99 and 100: NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
Page 101 and 102: NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
Page 103 and 104: NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
Page 105 and 106: NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
Page 107 and 108: NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
Page 109 and 110: NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
Page 111 and 112: NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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Page 115 and 116: NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
Page 117 and 118: NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
Page 119: NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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Page 135 and 136: The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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Page 149 and 150: Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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Page 153 and 154: NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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Page 165 and 166: NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
Page 167: NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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166 birds, such as the two species
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168 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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