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114 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY OTAGO.—Three study areas were chosen in Otago because this large region has a very varied geography and climate, including the driest regions of New Zealand. 1. North Otago downlands (
NUMBER 89 115 Tall shrublands persisted until 5000-6000 years ago, when increased precipitation allowed a tall podocarp forest to develop, at least in valley floors and on lower slopes. Beech forest spread in higher altitudes, but shrubland remained a significant component of regional vegetation. Between 800 and 1000 years ago all forest and tall shrubland was destroyed by anthropogenic fires, and grassland and short shrubland again became widespread. McGlone et al. (1995) described pollen profiles from central Otago sites that record the vegetation from the late Pleistocene to the late Holocene. Between about 12,000 and 9000 years ago, a low scrub (1-2 m high) of small-leaved and xerophytic species formed a mosaic with Chionochloa grassland. Although tall podocarp forest was established in coastal areas of Southland and Otago by 9500 years ago, such forest is unlikely to have existed in other than small isolated stands in the interior before about 7500 years ago. The delay in forest establishment there may be explained by a decrease in available water at that time, either by lower rainfall or by a combination of increased evapotranspiration (resulting from higher temperatures) and decreased rainfall. The absence of, or very slow, peat deposition during this interval seems to support a prevailing water deficit. An abundance of tree-fern spores in the same period, however, suggests water was not limiting, at least in sheltered gullies. Frequent fires enabled the continued presence of tree ferns by stopping the establishment of slower growing, firesensitive podocarps, thus maintaining serai conditions. About 7500 years ago a coniferous forest of Prumnopitys taxifolia, Dacrycarpus dacrydioides, and Podocarpus abruptly replaced lower altitude grassland communities, whereas Phyllocladus alpinus Hook.fi and Halocarpus bidwilli (Hook.f. ex Kirk) Quinn formed the upper treeline. The afforestation has been attributed to increased precipitation and a slight decrease in temperature. Nothofagus menziesii (Hook.f.) Oerst. became established in the area about 6000 years ago, followed shortly by a Nothofagus fusca type and Dacrydium cupressinum, although Phyllocladus dominated pollen assemblages. Significant percentages of pollen of shrub taxa such as Coprosma, Asteraceae, and Poaceae indicate the continued presence of grassland-shrubland communities above the treeline. After 3000 years ago, episodic destruction of podocarp forests by fire resulted in a reduction in the frequency of some tree pollen, especially Prumnopitys taxifolia, and an increase in grass pollen. Forests were widely destroyed by anthropogenic fires, resulting in a sudden proliferation of Pteridium esculentum (Forster f.) Nakai spores and vastly increased amounts of charcoal about 600 years ago. Avifaunal Changes The composition of the Late Quaternary and Holocene avifauna of terrestrial and inland wetland habitats is summarized in Table 1 from data in Millener (1990), with alterations as elucidated in Worthy (1993a, 1997) and Worthy and Holdaway (1993, 1994a, 1996). The following notes support the numbers of species listed herein as inhabiting such inland areas. Pelecaniformes Only Pelecanus, Phalacrocorax carbo, and P. melanoleucos are inland taxa. Ciconiiformes Only Egretta alba, Botaurus stellaris, and Ixobrychus novaezelandiae are inland taxa. Anseriformes I do not accept Anas rhynchotis or Oxyura as part of the prehuman fauna, Mergus was coastal, and only Cnemiornis had endemic species on each island. Falconiformes Circus approximans is a recent immigrant, so the prehuman fauna comprised one eagle, one harrier, and one falcon. Gruiformes The North and South Island pairs Aptornis otidiformislA. defossor and P. mantellil Porphyrio hochstetteri each consist of separate species (Trewick, 1996); Porphyrio p. melanotus is considered a recent immigrant; Gallirallusphilippensis is recorded from glacial deposits on South Island; and Porzana tabuensis and P. pusilla, although rare as fossils, are assumed to have been on both islands. Charadriiformes Only Haematopus unicolor, Charadrius bicinctus, Thinornis novaeseelandiae, Anarhynchus frontalis, Coenocorypha aucklandica, Himantopus novaezelandiae, Larus dominicanus, L. bulleri, and Sterna albostriata used inland areas habitually. Passeriformes There are seven acanthisittid wrens, among which Pachyplichas had discrete species on each island and Dendroscansor decurvirostris was endemic to South Island. The three TABLE 1.—The number of species in each order of birds that inhabited prehuman inland wetlands and/or terrestrial habitats on North and South islands, New Zealand. Data is from Millener (1990), Worthy (1993a, 1997), and Worthy and Holdaway (1993, 1994a, 1996). Order DiNORNITHIFORMES APTERYGIFORMES PODICIPEDIFORMES PELECANIFORMES CICONIIFORMES ANSERIFORMES FALCONIFORMES GALLIFORMES GRUIFORMES CHARADRIIFORMES COLUMB1FORMES PSITTACIFORMES CUCULIFORMES STRIGIFORMES CAPRIMULGIFORMES CORACIFORMES PASSERIFORMES Total North Island 7 2 2 3 3 11 3 1 9 9 1 5 2 2 1 1 20 82 South Island 9 3 2 3 3 11 3 1 8 9 1 5 2 2 1 1 20 84 Total 11 3 2 3 3 12 3 1 11 9 1 5 2 2 1 1 24 94
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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42 2km SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO
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Site 13 Research Base ENTRANCE Lowe
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48 the last has unusually slender w
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50 Si 5 15i 10- 5- 20 J 15 I 10 f 5
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Page 74 and 75: 64 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
Page 77 and 78: Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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Page 81 and 82: NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
Page 83: NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
Page 95 and 96: The History of the Chatham Islands'
Page 97 and 98: NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
Page 99 and 100: NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
Page 101 and 102: NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
Page 103 and 104: NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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Page 111 and 112: NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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Page 115 and 116: NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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Page 119: NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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Page 135 and 136: The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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Page 149 and 150: Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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Page 165 and 166: NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
Page 167: NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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168 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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