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90 Inland dune ridge - see Figure 3 'NZA 2614 NZA 1947,1982, 2585, 2609, 3189, 3190, 3287 NZA 3427 * NZA2587 10 m Surface-consolidated, darkbrown sand forming the present deflation surface Older foredune ri Seaward margin of inland dune ridge SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY Younger foredune ridge Seaward margin of older foredune FIGURE 4.—Schematic stratigraphic cross section of dunes at Tahatika Creek in the Eastern Maunganui Dunes (locality 11). <strong>Lo</strong>cations of radiocarbon-dated samples are marked by asterisks (*) and are identified by their Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory reference (NZA) numbers. Samples listed for the inland dune ridge include those from comparable stratigraphic horizons at several sites along the ridge. Pale gray drift sand, in places stabilized by dune vegetation. Yellow semi-consolidated, cross-bedded sand Consolidated, dark-gray sand/occupation-soil surface, with la pebbles and midden debris, underlain by leached gray sand Chocolate-brown consolidated sand grading down to orange-brown with incipient iron-pan at base \j \y ^ Yellow-brown sand grading down to finer, cream sand - with abundant avian remains found in situ, or as lag deposits in the bottoms of dune hollows FIGURE 5.—Schematic stratigraphic cross section of the Taupeka inland dunes (locality 12), drawn from a photograph. <strong>Lo</strong>cations of radiocarbon-dated samples are marked by asterisks (*) and are identified by their Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory reference (NZA) numbers. specimen of Fulica from one of these lake beds yielded the oldest radiocarbon age (NZA 3238, locality 4; 6879 ± 68 yrs BP) so far obtained for bird bones on main Chatham Island. The undulating dune slopes and buried soils in the broad zone be- sea-level species, both marine and terrestrial, but with forest-dwelling birds such as the Chatham Island Pigeon {Hemiphaga chathamensis), Dieffenbach's Rail {Gallirallus dieffenbachii), the extinct Chatham Island Snipe {Coenocorypha chathamica), tween foredune and ridge crests yielded the greatest variety of Nestor {Nestor, species undescribed, Figure 10), parakeets (Cv-
NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chatham Island Tui {Prosthemadera novaeseelandiae chathamensis), and Chatham Island Bellbird {Anthornis melanura melanocephala) most often represented. Radiocarbon dates from this complex physiographic zone cover a broad range, from ca. 700 to ca. 6500 CAL BP, the oldest dates coming from the eroded older inland dunes, and the youngest dates from younger foredune sites, typically only a short distance inland of the present, unconsolidated, active dune/beach zone (see Appendix: locality 2, NZA 1930, NZA 1931; locality 8, NZA 3285, NZA 3426; locality 9, NZA 3608; locality 12, NZA 2587; locality 14, NZA 2588). On the higher slopes and ridge crests, and especially in blowouts in pasture land up to several hundred meters inland, bones of many of these same forest birds occur, but they are outnumbered by bones of seabirds, especially Taikos {Pterodroma magentae), Sooty Shearwaters {Puffinus griseus), Common Diving-petrels {Pelecanoides urinatrix), and various prions {Pachyptila spp.) and storm-petrels {Oceanites, Pelagodroma, Fregetta). The presence of eggshell fragments and the bones of nestlings of all these seabirds (Bourne, 1967) indicates that these widespread fossil sites, dated at between ca. 700 and ca. 3300 CAL BP, mark the locations of former breeding colonies (see Appendix: locality 4, NZA 794; locality 5, NZA 1932, NZA 1933; locality 6, NZA 795; locality 17, NZA 2777). MIDDEN SITES The prehistoric Moriori left extensive faunal remains at numerous, widely spread sites in the dunes and as surface scatters on them (Simmons, 1964; see also Figures 3-5). These kitchen middens are generally dominated by marine shells, but bones of sea lions, seals, fish, and birds also occur, particularly in the oldest sites (those dating between ca. 400 and ca. 450 CAL BP). Some earlier archeological workers, who collected much of their material from lag deposits in deflation hollows and who did not have access to radiocarbon dating, failed to distinguish between natural and midden deposits and tended to ascribe a midden origin to virtually all the bird remains they found (e.g., Coutts, 1969). Recent stratigraphic studies, supported by a large number of radiocarbon dates on bird bones, demonstrate that much of this so-called midden material has been eroded from naturally accumulated deposits that considerably predate human occupation by hundreds to thousands of years. An example is the abundant material from Sutton's main Waihora site (see Sutton, 1976, 1979, 1981, 1982; Marshall et al., 1987), which, apparently, was obtained by excavation of intact strata and was assumed to be entirely of midden origin, but which has yielded dates of ca. 5750 and ca. 5950 CAL BP (for Dieffenbach's Rail bones from Sutton's Layers I (NZA 3193) and III (NZA 3194), respectively; see Appendix, locality 1). In a few sites, notably Sutton's CHA and CHB sites at Waihora, and at Tupuangi and Waipaua on Pitt Island, bird remains of genuine midden prov enance certainly do occur, often in great abundance. No dates of greater than ca. 450 CAL BP have yet been obtained for in situ midden material at these and other sites. My data corroborate McFadgen's (1994) suggestion that first Polynesian settlement of the Chathams group did not occur until about 450 years ago. The assemblages at these sites indicate that the Moriori hunted a wide range of species but that certain species (e.g., Taiko, Chatham Island Pigeon, Common Diving-petrel, Dieffenbach's Rail) were sought more intensively than the rest. There can be little doubt that prehistoric hunting had a profoundly deleterious effect on the Chatham Islands bird fauna. It appears, however, that the Moriori neither constructed permanent dwellings nor lived in long-term encampments, and perhaps it is because they led a rather more itinerant life style that they have left less evidence of their hunting (in the form of extensive bird bone middens) than did, for example, the Maori hunters of mainland New Zealand (see Trotter and McCulloch, 1984). CAVE SITES In several places on Chatham and Pitt islands are limestone crevices and cavities that contain bone deposits because they were used as shelters and nest sites by terrestrial and marine birds. There also are larger caves that acted as pit-fall traps, and these have yielded far more abundant fossil remains. The most significant of these is a small, single-chambered cave on the western edge of the Te Whanga Lagoon, Chatham Island. This cave, Te Ana a Moe (see Simmons, 1964), is developed near the base of a 15 m high cliff of Eocene Te One Limestone (typically creamy yellow in color, relatively soft, and rich in bryozoan fragments), immediately above its contact with the underlying Te Whanga Limestone (typically grey white, hard, crystalline and, here, where it forms the raised shore-platform, strongly karstic; see Hay et al., 1970; Campbell, 1996). The cave has a single walk-in entrance about 3 m above present lagoon level and is filled in with stratified sediment to a depth of at least 2 m (see Figure 6). Above the almost unfossiliferous basal layers (sands overlain by angular limestone slabs), a distinctive layer of water-rounded limestone cobbles is overlain by more than a meter of stratified sediment containing shells of at least 17 species of land snails (Table 2) and an extraordinary abundance of avian bones of some nine marine and 21 terrestrial or freshwater species (Table 3). Radiocarbon dates range from ca. 1150 CAL BP (NZA 1948, locality 16, at only 15 cm below the base of the disturbed surface soil) to ca. 3900 CAL BP (NZA 1989, locality 16, at a depth of 1.3 m). Bird remains were found to be particularly concentrated within several short (~2 m), narrow (-0.5 m diameter), blind tunnels leading off the main chamber, at depths of 0.9-1.5 m. Faunal material in these tunnels has yielded radiocarbon ages within the range of 2300-3900 CAL BP (NZA 801, NZA 1989, locality 16). Although a wide
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»'' § "S^ iFjwtM . •- .m-i Avia
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SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOB
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ABSTRACT Olson, Storrs L., editor.
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EARLY WATERFOWL (ANSERIFORMES) AND
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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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localities, all of them situated in
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Bone of Sus scrofa Linnaeus, introd
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duboisi are larger than the largest
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8 iver (1897) but afterward were tr
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10 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PAL
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16 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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20 sometatarsus are proportionally
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22 Cor. Hum. Uln. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. T
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26 Cor. Hum. Cpm. Fern. Tbt. Tmt. P
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34 ability in such a way that it ca
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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160 SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PA
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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NUMBER 89 307 FIGURE 4.—Wing of t
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NUMBER 89 309 Jura-Museums, Eichsta
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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338 evolved independently twice." M
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1 i'~L ,i "^ 1 •vw* HBB!/'' . m
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