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v m SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY ing is a list of referees who commented on one or more of the papers, and I am very grateful to all of them for their help: Antoni Alcover, S. Christopher Bennett, Zygmunt Bochenski, Alan Brush, Eric Buffetaut, Kenneth Campbell, Luis Chiappe, Charles Collins, Miguel Elorza, Andrzej Elzanowski, Steven Emslie, Per Ericson, Alan Feduccia, G.E. Goslow, Peter Houde, Helen James, Denes Janossy, Larry Martin, Gary Morgan, Cecile Mourer-Chauvire, Storrs Olson, John Ostrom, Kevin Padian, David Parris, Steven Parry, Stefan Peters, Gregory Pregill, J.H. Reichholf, Dale Serjeantson, David Steadman, Burkhard Stephan, Tommy Tyrberg, David Unwin, Kenneth Warheit, Paul Weldon, Peter Wellnhofer, Lawrence Witmer, Trevor Worthy, Zhonghe Zhou, and Richard Zusi. For assistance with transmission of manuscripts by electronic mail I am grateful to James Dean, Craig Ludwig, Chris Milensky, and Brian Schmidt. Mary Parrish repeatedly assisted with problems concerning illustrations and provided the outline key for the frontispiece. I also thank Sharon Jones, who cheerfully wielded her computer to render more readable several of the manuscripts that were more heavily scribbled by the editor. Storrs L. Olson
The Avifauna of Reunion Island (Mascarene Islands) at the Time of the Arrival of the First Europeans Cecile Mourer-Chauvire, Roger Bour, Sonia Ribes, and Francois Moutou ABSTRACT The excavations of five fossil bird localities on Reunion Island have yielded the remains of (1) five species still present on Reunion, which are mainly marine; (2) one extant species no longer on Reunion, the Greater Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber Linnaeus); and (3) 11 extinct species, namely, a night heron (Nycticorax duboisi (Rothschild)), an ibis {Threskiornis solitarius (Selys-Longchamps)), a sheldgoose (Alopochen kervazoi (Cowles)), a teal {Anas theodori Newton and Gadow), a falcon (Falco duboisi Cowles), a rail (Dryolimnas augusti, new species), a coot {Fulica newtonii Milne-Edwards), a pigeon (Nesoenas duboisi Rothschild), a parrot {Mascarinus mascarinus Linnaeus), an owl {Mascarenotus grucheti Mourer-Chauvire et al.), and a starling {Fregilupus varius (Boddaert)). Representatives of extinct endemic Mascarene taxa, such as the Raphidae, Aphanapteryx, Erythromachus, and large parrots of the genera Lophopsittacus and Necropsittacus, are so far unknown from Reunion. Except for Fulica newtonii, which probably colonized Reunion from Mauritius, and Dryolimnas augusti, all the other forms appear to have had normal or nearly normal flying ability. It is possible that Reunion was colonized by the ancestors of the same forms that colonized Mauritius and Rodrigues, but these forms may have been exterminated during the very explosive events of the last phase of volcanic activity of Piton des Neiges, which took place between 300,000 and 200,000 years ago. Reunion would then have been colonized again by forms that perhaps have not had enough time to lose their ability to fly. After the arrival of the first Europeans, all the larger endemic land birds became extinct, with the exception of Circus maillardi Verreaux. Although most of them were not morphologically flightless, and although the topography Cecile Mourer-Chauvire, Centre de Paleontologie Stratigraphique et Paleoecologie de I'Universite Claude Bernard-Lyon I, ERS 2042 du CNRS, 27-43 boulevard du II Novembre 1918, 69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France. Roger Bour, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire des Reptiles et des Amphibiens, 25 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France. Sonia Ribes, Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, 1 rue Poivre, 97400 Saint-Denis, La Reunion, France. Franqois Moutou, Minist'ere de I'Agriculture, CNEVA, Laboratoire Central de Recherches Veterinaires, 22 rue Pierre Curie, BP n° 67, 94703 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France. of the island was very different, these birds became extinct on Reunion as rapidly as on the other Mascarene islands. Introduction The Mascarene Islands were "discovered" by Portuguese navigators as early as 1500 (North-Coombes, 1979). They were shown on more ancient maps of Arabian navigators but were uninhabited prior to the sixteenth century. Thus, Europeans were the first settlers to observe the very unusual fauna of these islands, one that was almost entirely exterminated within just two centuries. Numerous historical accounts of Reunion have been gathered into two publications by Albert Lougnon (1970, 1992), with the oldest account being that of Samuel Castleton, who landed on the island in 1613. The parts concerning the birds are given in extenso in the books of Barre and Barau (1982) and Barre et al. (1996). Particular points of these accounts have been discussed by Cheke (1987). The most complete and detailed report is that written by Dubois (1674), also known as Sieur D.B., who spent 16 months on the island in 1671 and 1672 (English translation by Oliver, 1897). These accounts are invaluable because they make it possible to follow the demise of the endemic fauna of Reunion from the beginning of the seventeenth century to the disappearance of the two most recently extinct species, Mascarinus mascarinus Linnaeus, in 1834, and Fregilupus varius (Boddaert), between 1838 and 1858. Fossil bird remains were found very early on Rodrigues (in 1786) and on Mauritius (in 1865), making it possible to have good knowledge of their vanished faunas. Until recently, however, the bird fauna of Reunion was known only from the accounts of early explorers. The first fossil remains were unearthed in 1974 by B. Kervazo during archaeological excavations in the Grotte des Premiers Francais. Subsequently, four other fossil sites containing bird remains also were discovered. The fossil birds of the present study came from these five
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Comparison of Paleoecological Patte
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NUMBER 89 69 TABLE 1.—Vertebrate
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NUMBER 89 71 Mallorca, probably in
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NUMBER 89 Alcover, J.A. 1989. Les a
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The History of the Chatham Islands'
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NUMBER 89 87 Species Common Name Pe
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NUMBER 89 89 NZA 797,1930,1934 Unco
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NUMBER 89 91 anoramphus spp.), Chat
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NUMBER 89 93 TABLE 2.—Land snails
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NUMBER 89 95 counterparts, with som
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NUMBER 89 population, if such exist
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NUMBER 89 99 FIGURE 11.—Skulls of
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NUMBER 89 101 FIGURE 13.—Lower ma
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NUMBER 89 the Chatham Island Pied O
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NUMBER 89 Locality 9, Western Maung
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NUMBER 89 107 yellowish sand (site
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NUMBER 89 109 ogy. Notornis, supple
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The Middle Pleistocene Avifauna of
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NUMBER 89 Accordi, B. 1962. La grot
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130 FIGURE 1.—Map showing locatio
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132 Cranium Mandibula Scapula Clavi
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Seabirds and Late Pleistocene Marin
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NUMBER 89 141 METHODS Only strictly
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NUMBER 89 143 FIGURE 2.—Area of s
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NUMBER 89 151 FIGURE 10.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 153 FIGURE 12.—Area of
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NUMBER 89 155 the period studied. T
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NUMBER 89 157 Walker, C.A., G.M. Wr
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164 Vl 620 M 570 £ 520 S 470f •
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166 birds, such as the two species
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170 cional Autonoma de Mexico, for
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174 ated with this specimen, see Mi
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The Fossil Record of Condors (Cicon
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NUMBER 89 179 FIGURE 2.—Geographi
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NUMBER 89 181 FIGURE 5.—Vulturida
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NUMBER 89 183 FIGURE 7.—Referred
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Two New Fossil Eagles from the Late
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NUMBER 89 187 TABLE 1.—Measuremen
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NUMBER 89 189 carpal trochlea relat
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NUMBER 89 191 FIGURE 4.—Holotypic
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NUMBER 89 193 We compared the parat
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NUMBER 89 195 FIGURE 6.—Distribut
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NUMBER 89 197 the Florida State Mus
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A New Genus of Dwarf Megapode (Gall
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NUMBER 89 201 lis hypotarsi along t
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NUMBER 89 203 The fossil is larger
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NUMBER 89 205 Clark, George A., Jr.
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A New Genus and Species of the Fami
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NUMBER 89 209 son with other known
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NUMBER 89 211 FIGURE 1.—Argornis
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NUMBER 89 213 AM AL AM AL AM AL AM
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NUMBER 89 215 caput humeri perpendi
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Selmes absurdipes, New Genus, New S
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NUMBER 89 219 FIGURE 2.—Selmes ab
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NUMBER 89 221 Costae: Deformed frag
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A Fossil Screamer (Anseriformes: An
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 3.—Chaunoides an
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NUMBER 89 227 B C D FIGURE 6.—The
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NUMBER 89 229 FIGURE 9.—Right tib
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The Anseriform Relationships of Ana
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NUMBER 89 233 Subfamily ANATALAVINA
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NUMBER 89 235 mal was found under t
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NUMBER 89 237 tion, with retroartic
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NUMBER 89 FIGURE 7.—Sternum and p
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NUMBER 89 241 der. The bone is very
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NUMBER 89 243 Eocene records of the
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Presbyornis isoni and Other Late Pa
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NUMBER 89 255 FIGURE 1.—Referred
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NUMBER 89 257 vical vertebrae of th
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NUMBER 89 259 (Olson and Parris, 19
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274 America. Science, 214(4526): 12
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276 concerning the amphicoelous str
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278 ment of the radius that are con
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280 The left coracoid is represente
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284 Kurochkin, E.N. 1982. [New Orde
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288 Palaeontological Institute. [Sp
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290 1991). In this paper we use a "
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Implantation and Replacement of Bir
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NUMBER 89 297 saurs (Figure 1E-G).
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NUMBER 89 299 would seem unlikely a
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Humeral Rotation and Wrist Supinati
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NUMBER 89 303 apparent. It is now c
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NUMBER 89 305 FIGURE 3.—Dorsal vi
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Early Evolution of Birds: Roundtabl
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