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74 SCOTTISH ANNALS
945
ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE, MSS. A, B, C, D,
S.A. 945. l
In this year king Edmund harried all Cumbria, 2 and leased 3
it all to Malcolm, king of the Scots, on the condition 4 that
he be his helper both on sea and on land. 5
946
ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE, MSS. A, B, C, D, S.A. 946, E, F,
S.A. 948.
7
In this year king Edmund died . . . and then ;
prince
Edred, his brother, succeeded to the kingdom, and reduced
all Northumbria to his dominion. And 8 the Scots gave
him oaths that they would all that he would. 9
1 MSS. E, F have only :
" In this year king Edmund harried all Cumbria."
Cf. Fl. of W., i, 134 ; S. of D., H.R., ii, 126 ; Hoved., i, 56. W. of M.,
G.R., i, 158.
2 Lit. " Cumberland " ; but perhaps Strathclyde is meant. Fl. of W.
has " the land of the Cumbrians " ; H. of H., Cumberland ; W. of M., " the
province which is called Cumberland."
3 Let.
4 on thcet gerad. Fl. of W. translates this by eo tenore ; H. of H., hoc
pacto.
5 "
Fl. of W., i, 134, s.a. 945 : and gave it to Malcolm, king of the Scots,
on this condition, that he should be faithful to him on land and sea " ; the
phrase of vassalage.
W. of M., G.R., i, 158 :
" The province which is called Cumberland
having been commended to Malcolm, king of Scots, under fealty of an oath."
"
H. of H., 162 : And in the following year, [945, Edmund] raided and
ravaged the whole of Cumbria, because he was unable wholly to subdue the
nation of that province, treacherous and unaccustomed to laws. And he
commended it to Malcolm king of Scotland, upon this agreement, that he
should help him by land and sea."
R.W., E.H.S. ed., i, 398, s.a. 946: "In the same year king Edmund,
supported by the aid of Llewellyn, king of Demetia, despoiled the whole of
Cumbria of all its wealth ; and after depriving two sons of Dunmail, the king
of that province, of the light of their eyes, he granted that kingdom to Malcolm,
king of Scots, to be held of him, that the northern parts of England might be
safe by land and sea from the attacks of invading enemies." Cf. M.P., Chr.
Maj., i, 455.
6
Ethelw., in M.H.B., 520 :
all the Northumbrians were
"
and to [Edred]
subject, and the Scots also confirmed their oaths and their immutable alle-
giance (fidem)."
"
Fl. of W., i, 134 : He, as his brother had done before, reduced to his
dominion the whole of Northumbria, and received an oath from the Scots
that they would be faithful to him." Cf. M.P., Chr. Maj., i, 456 ; Fl. His.,
i, 501.
7 " Was stabbed," MSS. E, F ;
" on St. Augustine's mass-day," MSS.
A, B, C, D (26th May.)
8 " And soon," MSS. E, F.
9 A similar phrase is used of a covenant between Edward and the Danes,
in A.S.C., MS. A, s.a. 921.