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SCOTTISH ANNALS 5<br />
Now t<strong>here</strong> is a very great gulf of the sea, which anciently<br />
separated the nation of the Britons from the Picts. And it<br />
runs <strong>in</strong>land for a long space from the west, w<strong>here</strong> stands even<br />
to-day the very strong city of the Britons, which is called Alcluith.<br />
1 And to the northern side, to wit, of <strong>this</strong> gulf came the<br />
Scots, as we have said, and made for themselves the place of<br />
their abode.<br />
547<br />
BEDE, HISTORIA ECCLESIASTICA, V, 24, RECAPITULATION VOL.<br />
I, P. 353.<br />
In the year 547 Ida began to reign ;<br />
2 and from him the<br />
royal l<strong>in</strong>e of the Northumbrians takes its orig<strong>in</strong>.<br />
cont<strong>in</strong>ued <strong>in</strong> the k<strong>in</strong>gdom for twelve years.<br />
And he<br />
" And of the work t<strong>here</strong> built<br />
the two gulfs, Bede says (H.E., I, 12, i. : 26)<br />
that is, of a very broad and high rampart, even to-day the surest traces<br />
may be seen. It beg<strong>in</strong>s at a distance of nearly two miles westward from<br />
the monastery of Abercorn, <strong>in</strong> a place which is called <strong>in</strong> the Pictish speech<br />
Peanfahel, and Penneltun <strong>in</strong> the English tongue ; and runn<strong>in</strong>g westwards<br />
ends near the town of Alcluith."<br />
E. W. B. Nicholson, Keltic Researches, 22-24, understands Peanfahel as<br />
P<strong>in</strong>na valli, and identifies it with Blackness.<br />
"<br />
Bede, H.E., I, 11 ; i, 25 : And [the Romans] dwelt with<strong>in</strong> the rampart<br />
" "<br />
[A.S. Vers. <strong>read</strong>s : the Britons dwelt to the south of the dyke,"]<br />
"<br />
which we have related that Severus made across the island, to the district<br />
<strong>in</strong> the south, as cities, watchtowers [farus], bridges and roads t<strong>here</strong> made<br />
still testify to-day. But by right of dom<strong>in</strong>ion they possessed the farther<br />
parts of Brita<strong>in</strong>, and <strong>in</strong>deed the islands which lie beyond Brita<strong>in</strong>."<br />
1 Dumbarton.<br />
2 Ida was the founder of the Anglian k<strong>in</strong>gdom of Bernicia (cf . Bede,<br />
H.E., I, 15 ; i, 31 ;) A.S.C., MSS. A,B,C,D,E,F, s.a. 547 ; Fl. of W., i, 5.<br />
His. Britt., <strong>in</strong> M.G.H., AA., xiii, 130 (Nen.), 201, 205. Ethelw., <strong>in</strong> M.H.B.,<br />
504. R. of D., V.S. Osw., <strong>in</strong> S. of D., i, 338-339. H. of H., 50.<br />
Bernicia <strong>in</strong>cluded Lothian and Teviotdale, extend<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Bede's day as<br />
far as to Abercorn on the Forth (H.E., IV, 26, <strong>in</strong>fra s.a. 685) and westwards<br />
to Whithorn (H.E., III, 4, <strong>in</strong>fra s.a. 565. Cf. Fl. of W., i, 279, 280 ; W. of<br />
M., G.P., 256, 257 ; <strong>in</strong>fra, s.a. 731, notes.)<br />
Genealogies of Ida's predecessors are given by His. Britt., <strong>in</strong> M.G.H.,<br />
AA., xiii, 202. Ser. Reg. North., <strong>in</strong> S. of D., ii, 389 ; A.S.C., MSS. B,C,<br />
s.a. 547 Fl. ; of W., i, 5. H. of H., 50. Cf. J. of E., <strong>in</strong> Fl. of W., ii, 250-251.<br />
For his successors cf. His. Britt., u.s., 206-208 ; and <strong>in</strong> agreement with<br />
" After<br />
it the Northumbrian Annals, <strong>in</strong> M.H.B., 290 (cf. S. of D., H.R., 14) :<br />
him Clappa [reigned] one year ; Adda, 8 ; Ethelric, 4 [<strong>in</strong> S. of D., 7] ; Theodric,<br />
7 [<strong>in</strong> S. of D., 4] ; Frithwald, 6 [<strong>in</strong> S. of D., 7] ; Hussa, 7 Ethelfrid<br />
;<br />
24 [<strong>in</strong> S. of D., 28] ; Edw<strong>in</strong>, 17. . . ."<br />
De Pr. Sax. Adv., <strong>in</strong> S. of D., ii, 374 ; R. of D., V.S.O., <strong>in</strong> S. of D., i,<br />
339 ; and S. of D., H.D.E., i, 40, give the series thus : Adda, 8 ; Clappa, 1 ;<br />
Hussa, 7 ; Frithulf, 7 ; Theodric, 7 ; Ethelric, 4 ; Ethelfrid, 24. Different<br />
accounts are given by Ser. Reg. North., <strong>in</strong> S. of D., ii, 390, and by Fl. of W.,<br />
i, 6.<br />
For a list of Ida's sons see S. of D., H.D.E., i, 40 ; De Pr. Sax. Adv.,<br />
ibid., ii, 374. Cf. His. Britt., u.s., 202.