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FROM ENGLISH CHRONICLERS 191
and where he intended to go, were known to the men of York-
shire, both by the report of rumour and by the passage of
sure messengers. Therefore the barons of that province
assembled at York, and eagerly discussed among themselves
what plan they should adopt in this emergency. These were
Archbishop Thurstan, who (as will appear in the following)
occupied himself very greatly with this affair ; and William
of Albemarle, Walter of Gaunt, Robert de Bruce, Roger de
Mowbray, Walter Espec, Ilbert de Lacy, William de Percy,
Richard de Courcy, William Fossard, Robert de Estuteville,
and the other powerful and sagacious men.
And since very many hesitated, distrusting one another
to be
because of the treason in which many were supposed
involved, and because they had not a prince and leader in
the war, for king Stephen their lord was at that time surrounded
by no lesser difficulties in south England, and could
not for the present come to them, they feared with a few
to oppose so great a multitude, and almost seemed to abandon
wholly the defence of themselves and their country, had not
their archbishop Thurstan, a man of great steadfastness and
courage, 1 aroused them by his speech and counsel. . . .
AlLRED OF RlEVAULX, DE STANDARDO, IN CHRONICLES OF
STEPHEN, ETC., VOL. Ill, p.
2 182.
And Thurstan also, the archbishop of York, published an
episcopal edict throughout his whole diocese that all who
could proceed to the wars should hasten to the nobles from
each of his parishes, preceded by the priests with cross and
banners and relics of saints, to defend the church of Christ
against the barbarians.
RICHARD OF HEXHAM, DE GESTIS REGIS STEPHANI, IN
CHRONICLES OF STEPHEN, ETC., VOL. Ill, PP. 161-162. 3
During the commotions of this time came to them Bernard
1 "Indomitable in the steadfastness of his heart in fair fortune or foul ;
burdened with years, weak in body, so that he was carried in a litter wherever
the situation of affairs required." J. of H., in S. of D., ii, 292. Cf.
R. of H., in Chr. of Ste., etc., iii, 261.
2 "
Cf. J. of W., in Fl. of W., ii, 111 : But on this last occasion, when
[David] threatened to advance as far as York and the Humber, Thurstan,
archbishop of York, held a conference with all the men of the province of
York, and caused all by common consent and counsel to take an oath in
fealty to king [Stephen] that they would oppose [king David]." Cf. W. of
N., in Chr. of Ste., etc., i, 34.
Cf. the account given in the 12th century Lives of the Abps., in Raine's
York, ii, 528-529.
3
Cf. J. of H., in S. of D., ii, 292-293.