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viii PREFACE
give its English name to their boundary, the Pentland Hills.
For a time they were under English rule, as long before they
may have been under British rule. But in 685 they were
reunited to their kindred north of the Forth. In the be-
ginning of the eighth century Manau had still preserved its
identity in the middle of the ;
twelfth, Calatria was still known
by name. As in 1093 at Margaret's death, so still in 1255
we are struck by the nearness to Edinburgh of a Celtic popu-
lation.
The claim made in 1138 by Galloway to lead the Scottish
van seems to have puzzled our chroniclers. Avoiding the
name " Galwegians " Henry of Huntingdon calls them " men
of Lothian " ; John of Hexham, " Scots " ; Richard of
Hexham, " Picts." Galwegians
are called
" Welsh " by
Benedict of Peterborough, Gervase of Canterbury, Roger
Wendover. And no doubt Galloway had encroached upon
the borders of Strathclyde. But the Galwegian war-cry
" Albani," (if we may trust Henry of Huntingdon,) shows
that these remote and turbulent provincials did not regard
themselves as being distinct from their countrymen north of
the Forth.
It is sufficiently probable that kings placed upon the
Scottish throne by English aid should bind themselves by
personal homage to the English king. But if early English
historians were eager to record Scottish acts of homage less
from knowledge than from a sense of fitness, we need not
regard their statements as infallible. It is *****
necessary to remember
that the English claims to supremacy over Scotland
rest upon the testimony of English witnesses.
I have gratefully to acknowledge the bounty of the Carnegie
Trust, whose support rendered this work possible. In
the inception and original idea of the work I have to thank
Professor Hume Brown for his kindly and invaluable assistance,
as also from time to time during its preparation. Professor
Mackinnon has added to many favours that of reading
over the proofs with ; great pleasure I acknowledge manifold
indebtedness to him. I am indebted to Edinburgh University
Library for facilities of work afforded me.
A. 0. A.