Post-medieval Oxford - Oxford City Council

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Abbreviations ............................................................................................................ 3 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 5 Nature of evidence base.......................................................................................... 5 Key themes.............................................................................................................. 6 Notable post-medieval buildings and structures (excluding colleges buildings)...... 7 Notable archaeological investigations for the post-medieval period:....................... 7 Chronology .............................................................................................................. 9 The landscape ......................................................................................................... 10 Inheritance and development ................................................................................ 10 Changes in the urban and suburban townscape ................................................... 10 Urban settlement..................................................................................................... 12 Developments in vernacular building..................................................................... 12 Archaeological evidence........................................................................................ 13 Suburban settlement .............................................................................................. 15 The development of suburban housing ................................................................. 15 The northern suburbs ............................................................................................ 15 The eastern suburbs.............................................................................................. 17 The southern suburbs............................................................................................ 18 The western suburbs ............................................................................................. 18 Rural settlement...................................................................................................... 21 Binsey.................................................................................................................... 21 Cowley................................................................................................................... 21 Headington ............................................................................................................ 21 Iffley ....................................................................................................................... 22 Marston.................................................................................................................. 22 St Clements ........................................................................................................... 22 St Giles .................................................................................................................. 23 Wolvercote............................................................................................................. 23 Social and administrative organisation ................................................................ 24 Status .................................................................................................................... 24 Social welfare – hospitals ...................................................................................... 24 Social welfare – the poor ....................................................................................... 25 Legal and penal administration.............................................................................. 26 Utilities and common works................................................................................... 27 Transport and communication .............................................................................. 28 The road network and bridges............................................................................... 28 Turnpikes............................................................................................................... 29 Boundary stones.................................................................................................... 29 Canals and waterways .......................................................................................... 30 Trade and industry.................................................................................................. 32 Markets and fairs ................................................................................................... 32 Guilds .................................................................................................................... 32 Mills and mill sites.................................................................................................. 33 Quarrying............................................................................................................... 34 Inns and taverns .................................................................................................... 34 Leisure pursuits ..................................................................................................... 36 Gardens and pleasure grounds ............................................................................. 38 Post-medieval gardens.......................................................................................... 38 Registered parks and gardens .............................................................................. 38 Ceremony and religion ........................................................................................... 40 Churches – archaeological investigations ............................................................. 40 Christ Church Cathedral ........................................................................................ 41 Non conformity ...................................................................................................... 41 The University of Oxford ........................................................................................ 42 Built structures and garden design ........................................................................ 42 OXFORD ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT- POST-MEDIEVAL
The university ........................................................................................................ 42 The university press .............................................................................................. 44 The colleges ............................................................................................................ 45 New foundations.................................................................................................... 45 Post-medieval archaeology in the medieval colleges............................................ 47 College material culture......................................................................................... 50 Post-medieval halls ............................................................................................... 51 Warfare and defences............................................................................................. 52 The Civil War ......................................................................................................... 52 The Royalist defensive lines.................................................................................. 52 The Castle ............................................................................................................. 56 The Wall Gates...................................................................................................... 57 The Parliamentarian Siegeworks........................................................................... 58 Material culture........................................................................................................ 59 Pottery ................................................................................................................... 59 Clay pipes.............................................................................................................. 61 Glass ..................................................................................................................... 63 Metalwork .............................................................................................................. 64 Coins, tokens, counters and coin-weights ............................................................. 64 Bone ...................................................................................................................... 65 Wall paintings and murals ..................................................................................... 65 Bibliography ............................................................................................................ 67 Appendix 1: Post-medieval Site Gazetteer ........................................................... 82 Figure 1: Civil War defences (after De Gomme) ....................................................... 95 Figure 2: Post-medieval registered parks and gardens ............................................ 96 Table 1: Enclosure awards from parishes in Oxford district...................................... 10 Table 2: Historic maps illustrating Oxford city ........................................................... 12 Table 3: Location of bone floors in Oxford ................................................................ 20 Table 4: Changes to the road network...................................................................... 28 Table 5: Turnpike Trusts in Oxford District................................................................ 29 Table 6: Pipe makers known in the Oxford area (Oswald 1984)............................... 62 Table 7: Location of recorded wall paintings in Oxford ............................................. 66 Abbreviations OHER Oxfordshire Historic Environment Record RCHM 1939 An Inventory of the Historical Monuments in the City of Oxford, Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, England, HMSO, London. UAD Urban Archaeological Database (Event Number unless otherwise stated) VCH ii The Victoria History of the County of Oxford Volume 2 (ed. W. Page), 1907, The Victoria History of the Counties of England. VCH iii The Victoria History of the County of Oxford Volume 3: The University of Oxford (eds H. E. Salter and M. D. Lobel), 1954, The Victoria History of the Counties of England. OXFORD ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT- POST MEDIEVAL 3
Page 1: OXFORD ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCE ASSE
Page 5 and 6: Introduction This assessment summar
Page 7 and 8: Rural settlement: the pattern of se
Page 9 and 10: o Material from the construction of
Page 11 and 12: survived until the 19th century and
Page 13 and 14: Archaeological evidence The princip
Page 15 and 16: Suburban settlement The development
Page 17 and 18: Limited salvage recording of post-m
Page 19 and 20: density. By the late 18th century,
Page 21 and 22: Rural settlement Binsey No signific
Page 23 and 24: works within the former churchyard
Page 25 and 26: sample of 14 were fully or partly e
Page 27 and 28: ief also recorded some interior wal
Page 29 and 30: Raised causeways across the marshy
Page 31 and 32: iv). The wharf was surveyed in 1971
Page 33 and 34: stamps denoting quality control) an
Page 35 and 36: Taverns Taverns were specifically l
Page 37 and 38: Excavations in 1992 found the base
Page 39 and 40: Magdalen College (RPG 1403) The Gra
Page 41 and 42: Thought to have been carved in the
Page 43 and 44: The Sheldonian Theatre The Sheldoni
Page 45 and 46: The colleges The growth of the univ
Page 47 and 48: developed throughout the mid-19th c
Page 49 and 50: evealed two substantial earth-fast
Page 51 and 52: Post-medieval college wall surfacin
Page 53 and 54:
To the north-west, the inner line i
Page 55 and 56:
photographs have revealed the prese
Page 57 and 58:
(1796), included a detailed and fai
Page 59 and 60:
Material culture The categories of
Page 61 and 62:
in 2008 have contributed further to
Page 63 and 64:
Archaeological investigations at Re
Page 65 and 66:
century jettons in total along with
Page 67 and 68:
Bibliography Adam, N J, 2011 Worces
Page 69 and 70:
Braybrooke, T, 2010 Oxford Universi
Page 71 and 72:
De Goris, J, 1971 Post-Medieval Pot
Page 73 and 74:
Hibbert, C, 1988 The Encyclopaedia
Page 75 and 76:
Minn, H 1943-4 Drawings by J.B. Mal
Page 77 and 78:
Oxford Archaeological Unit, 2001c M
Page 79 and 80:
Smith, G, 1995 St Bartholomew’s C
Page 81 and 82:
Worthington, M, and Miles, D, 2007
Page 83 and 84:
Substantial amount of post-medieval
Page 85 and 86:
Post-medieval cess pit with quantit
Page 87 and 88:
Source: UAD 133. St Aldate’s, BT
Page 89 and 90:
Source: UAD 181. Exeter College 198
Page 91 and 92:
17th century brass token recorded S
Page 93 and 94:
Evidence of redevelopment of site f
Page 95 and 96:
Appendix 2: Figures Figure 1: Civil
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