Fission Product Yield Data for the Transmutation of Minor Actinide ...

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of the energy dependence of the fusion radius and the critical value of the angular momentum leading to the formation of the fissioning system in the interaction of a particles with uranium nuclei in the energy range up to 140 MeV. The deduced dependences were used to analyse the experimental data for actinide fission by a particles. Detailed analyses of experimental nuclei fission data show that the process of fission fragment formation depends not only on the temperature but also on the total angular momentum of the fissioning nucleus. Such studies were made of 236 U, 238 U, 239 Pu and 240 Pu nuclei formed in reactions with neutrons, γ quanta and a particles of excitation energies up to 200 MeV. The dependence of parameters from the Brosa model on the excitation energy and transferred angular momentum of a fissioning nucleus was noted. A phenomenological description of the fission fragment mass and charge distributions has been developed that also accounts for the quantummechanical transmission of a real fission barrier [4.4.30]. This phenomenological method gives a qualitatively new approach to the systematization of experimental data, and the modelling of changes in the mass and charge fission fragment distributions; the structure of a double humped fission barrier and dependence on the characteristics of a fissioning nucleus can also be studied. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is indebted to M. Lammer for supporting the work and partial translations of Zöller’s thesis, to A.A. Goverdovskii for help, and to V.M. Maslov for providing numerical data of transmission coefficients, as well as to N.I. Zaika, V.P. Tokarev and V.S. Semenov for many discussions concerning these calculations and their assistance during the work. REFERENCES TO SECTION 4.4 [4.4.1] SWIATECKY, W.E., The dynamics of the fusion of two nuclei, Nucl. Phys. A 376 (1982) 275–291. [4.4.2] CHUBARJAN, G.G., et al., Mass-energy distributions of fragments and angular momentum in fission of excited nuclei, Yad. Fiz. 56 (1993) 3–29. [4.4.3] ZAIKA, N.I., et al., Dependence of fragment mass distributions on angular momentum of fissioning nucleus, Ukr. Phys. J. 45 (2000) 908– 913. [4.4.4] KIBKALO, Yu.V., Peculiarities of fission of actinide nuclei formed in reactions with light particles, Sci. Pap. Inst. Nucl. Res. Kiev 1 (2001) 52–62. [4.4.5] THIERENS, H., et al., Kinetic energy and fragment mass distributions for 240 Pu (sf), 239 Pu (n th, f), and 240 Pu (γ,f), Phys. Rev. C 23 (1981) 2104–2113. [4.4.6] SURIN, V.M., et al., Yields and kinetic energies of fragments from fission of 233 U and 239 Pu by neutrons with energy 5.5 and 15 MeV, Sov. J. Nucl. Phys. 14 (1971) 935–938. [4.4.7] ZAIKA, N.I., et al., Peculiarities of fragment mass and energy distributions from 235 U and 236 U fission by a particles of medium energies (
[4.4.18] VANDENBOSCH, R., et al., Spallation-fission competition in heaviest elements; helium-ioninduced reactions in uranium isotopes, Phys. Rev. 111 (1958) 1358–1373. [4.4.19] BROSA, U., et al., Nuclear scission, Phys. Rep. 197 (1990) 167–262. [4.4.20] BROSA, U., et al., Nuclear scission, Nucl. Phys. A 502 (1989) 423c–442c. [4.4.21] TIE-SHUAN FAN, et al., Study of multichannel theory for the neutron induced fission of actinide nuclei, Nucl. Phys. A 591 (1995) 161– 181. [4.4.22] STRAEDE, C., et al., 235 U (n,f) fragment mass, kinetic energy and angular distributions for incident neutron energies between thermal and 6 MeV, Nucl. Phys. A 462 (1987) 85–108. [4.4.23] ZAIKA, N.I., et al., Fission fragment mass and energy distributions of 232 Th by a particles with energies 21–26.4 MeV, Ukr. Phys. J. 34 (1989) 493–498. [4.4.24] KONDRATKO, M.Ga., et al., Product yields from photofission of 239 Pu, Sov. J. At. Energy 50 (1981) 41–43. [4.4.25] ENGLAND, T.R., RIDER, B.F., Fission Product Yield Evaluation for the IAEA Co-ordinated Research Program and for the US Evaluated Nuclear Data Files, LA-UR-93-3106 (ENDF- 349), IAEA, Vienna (1994). [4.4.26] GUNTHER, W., et al., Symmetric and asymmetric yields in the photofission of 232 Th, 235 U, 238 U and 239 Pu, Z. Phys. A 295 (1980) 333–340. 182 [4.4.27] ZÖLLER, C.M., Untersuchung der neutroneninduzierten Spaltung von 238 U im Energiebereich von 1 MeV bis 500 MeV, PhD thesis, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Germany (1995). [4.4.28] MASLOV, V.M., Belarus Academy of Sciences, personal communication, 2001. [4.4.29] INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, Compilation and Evaluation of Fission Yield Nuclear Data, IAEA-TECDOC- 1168, Vienna (2000) 45–57. [4.4.30] KIBKALO, Yu.V., Phenomenological Description of Fission Fragment Mass and Charge Distributions, Institute for Nuclear Research, Kiev (1997) 123–127. [4.4.31] HILL, D.L., WHEELER, J.A., Nuclear constitution and the interpretation of fission phenomena, Phys. Rev. 89 (1953) 1102–1145. [4.4.32] BOHR, A., Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy (Proc. Int. Conf. Geneva, 1955), Vol. 2, Physics: Research Reactors, United Nations, New York (1956) 220. [4.4.33] STRUTINSKY, V.M., Shell effects in nuclear masses and deformation energies, Nucl. Phys. A 95 (1967) 420–442. [4.4.34] BOCQUET, J.P., BRISSOT, R., Mass, energy and nuclear charge distribution of fission fragments, Nucl. Phys. A 502 (1989) 213–232. [4.4.35] GANGRSKY, Yu.P., et al., Fission fragments of nuclei, Energoatomizdat, Moscow (1986).
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Fission Product Yield Data for the
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AFGHANISTAN ALBANIA ALGERIA ANGOLA
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COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientifi
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CONTRIBUTING AUTHORS Denschlag, J.-
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3.2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . .
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6. BENCHMARK EXERCISE . . . . . . .
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However, this CRP entered an entire
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‘Provisional masses’ are determ
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Three scientists were invited to pa
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8 (d) Prompt or delayed neutron emi
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[2.1.40] ITKIS, M.G., OGANESSIAN, Y
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[2.1.96] PATE, B.D., et al., Distri
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[2.1.152] JACOBS, E., et al., Produ
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16 2.2. MEASUREMENTS OF THE ENERGY
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FIG. 2.2.3. 94 Sr: best experimenta
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FIG. 2.2.15. 132 Te: best experimen
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FIG. 2.2.27. 146 Ba: best experimen
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3. EVALUATIONS 3.1. ACTINIDE NUCLEO
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3.1.2. Statistical model At least t
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J Â K=-J 2 2 2 ^ sym Krot ( U, J)
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nuclei with N > 144. However, for h
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neutron number. The observed fissio
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FIG. 3.1.6. 235 U(n,f) fission cros
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FIG. 3.1.10. 237 Np(n,f) fission cr
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from higher fission chances [3.1.43
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[3.1.48] DUSHIN, V.N., et al., Stat
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where Y S is our new standard, and
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TABLE 3.2.2. EVALUATED REFERENCE FI
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TABLE 3.2.2. EVALUATED REFERENCE FI
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TABLE 3.2.3. EVALUATED REFERENCE YI
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TABLE 3.2.3. EVALUATED REFERENCE YI
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The comparisons of our evaluated da
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TABLE 3.2.4. COMPARISON OF RECOMMEN
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TABLE 3.2.8. COMPARISON OF THE UNCE
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REFERENCES TO SECTION 3.2 [3.2.1] I
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where N C , N U are the modified an
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activities were recorded with a pro
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3.3.4. Results and discussion The r
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FIG. 3.3.10. Li Ze et al. data: com
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96 Annex 3.3.1 EVALUATED EXPERIMENT
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Li Ze et al. [3.3.8] Thierens et al
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100 Annex 3.3.3 EVALUATED DATA SET
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The range of target nuclides availa
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condensation of cross-sections by t
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(h) REFERENCE (C,80KIEV,171,1980) i
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uncertainties of the calculation. T
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4. SYSTEMATICS AND MODELS FOR THE P
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FIG. 4.1.2. 235 U total cross-secti
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FIG. 4.1.9. Total and mode separate
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4.2. SYSTEMATICS OF FISSION PRODUCT
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A - = (PA - NT)/2 (4.2.1b) 4.2.2.3.
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FIG. 4.2.4(a). 238 U + 5.5 MeV n, L
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FIG. 4.2.8(a). U238 + 300 MeV p, LS
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TABLE 4.2.1. EQUATIONS FOR SYSTEMAT
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values (points) and the derived fun
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distributions. Values of N(A) seldo
Page 142 and 143: FIG. 4.2.19. Systematic Z P paramet
Page 144 and 145: FIG. 4.2.21. Systematic Z P paramet
Page 146 and 147: FIG. 4.2.23. Nuclear charge displac
Page 148 and 149: FIG. 4.2.24. Number of protons emit
Page 150 and 151: epresenting model values and thus s
Page 152 and 153: FIG. 4.2.36. n T(A) for CF249T. FIG
Page 154 and 155: FIG. 4.2.41. U235T, line: model; po
Page 156 and 157: The FAST subroutine in the CYFP pro
Page 158 and 159: [4.2.28] BELHAFAF, D., et al., Kine
Page 160 and 161: 4.3. FIVE GAUSSIAN SYSTEMATICS FOR
Page 162 and 163: Derived from measured data Fitted r
Page 164 and 165: FIG. 4.3.7. Mass distribution of 23
Page 166 and 167: FFIG. 4.3.12. Mass distribution of
Page 168 and 169: 4.4. PHENOMENOLOGICAL MODEL FOR FRA
Page 170 and 171: where = 2mE is the wavelength, E
Page 172 and 173: FIG. 4.4.4. Fragment mass distribut
Page 176 and 177: fragment mass distributions are des
Page 180 and 181: FIG. 4.4.10. Fragment mass distribu
Page 182 and 183: P LD È Ê * E - 44. 7ˆ ˘ = Í1 +
Page 184 and 185: FIG. 4.4.13. Pre-neutron emission m
Page 186 and 187: FIG. 4.4.15. Post-neutron emission
Page 188 and 189: FIG. 4.4.17. Post-neutron emission
Page 190 and 191: fragment mass and charge distributi
Page 194 and 195: 4.5. MODAL APPROACH TO THE DESCRIPT
Page 196 and 197: This information was used for the p
Page 198 and 199: two neighbouring isotopes at differ
Page 200 and 201: FIG.4.5.2. Experimental relative ma
Page 202 and 203: Frequently, the yields Y i (M) are
Page 204 and 205: the nine optimum description parame
Page 206 and 207: TABLE 4.5.6. RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS
Page 208 and 209: TABLE 4.5.8. RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS
Page 210 and 211: Extracted values of s 2 M,S demonst
Page 212 and 213: FIG. 4.5.10. Fission fragment charg
Page 214 and 215: FIG. 4.5.12. Unchanged charge densi
Page 216 and 217: FIG. 4.5.16. Mass yield variance fo
Page 218 and 219: FIG. 4.5.20. Experimental mass yiel
Page 220 and 221: [4.5.24] GOVERDOVSKII, A.A., MITROF
Page 222 and 223: TABLE 4.6.1. FISSION PRODUCT YIELD
Page 224 and 225: TABLE 4.6.2. FIT PARAMETER VALUES O
Page 226 and 227: FIG. 4.6.2. Charge distributions fo
Page 228 and 229: model which is elucidated elsewhere
Page 230 and 231: the agreement is better. The observ
Page 232 and 233: inner barrier is much lower than th
Page 234 and 235: e determined in a self-consistent m
Page 236 and 237: FIG. 4.6.11. Overview of the coupli
Page 238 and 239: cross-section also has to be incorp
Page 240 and 241: FIG. 4.6.16. Same as Fig. 4.6.15, b
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FIG. 4.6.20. Pre-neutron emission m
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present have a reasonable contribut
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TABLE 4.6.5. ACCURACIES OBTAINED FR
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[4.6.7] BEIJERS, J.P.M., et al., Se
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5. NEW MODELS AND SYSTEMATICS: DEFI
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therefore his benchmark calculation
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mass distributions and practically
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5.2. BENCHMARK EXERCISE 5.2.1. Benc
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thorough and detailed analysis of t
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the fissioning nucleus and the numb
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should be undertaken — such a stu
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experimental method in order to der
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256 Valley heights and peak-to-vall
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FIG. 6.2.3. Benchmark exercise, par
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260 Wahl uncert. margins Wahl uncer
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264 Wahl uncert. margins (adj. Wahl
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Wahl (1.6-160 MeV): Distributions a
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TABLE 6.2.2. 238 U PRE-NEUTRON EMIS
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as most features are very similar t
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FIG. 6.2.14. Benchmark exercise, pa
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278 REFERENCES TO SECTION 6 [6.1] B
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As mentioned above, the mass distri
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I.3.2.6. Liu Conggui et al. [I.8] M
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after prompt-neutron emission, and
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286 Zöller (1995) 89-110 MeV, post
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(1) Data were linearly interpolated
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1. 290 Annex to Appendix I RECOMMEN
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1.2. E n = 5.5 MeV 292 Nagy et al.
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1.3. E n ª 8 MeV 294 Chapman (1978
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1.5. E n = 14-15 MeV 296 Daroczy et
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1.7. E n = 27.5 (22-33) MeV, Zölle
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1.9. E n = 99.5 (89-110) MeV, Zöll
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3. 302 239 Pu NEUTRON INDUCED FISSI
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Appendix II DATA ADJUSTMENT FOR MAS
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Vivès [II.8], Zöller [II.7] and
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Annex 1 to Appendix II ADJUSTED DAT
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Zöller (1995) [II.7] E n = 13 (11.
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E n = 50 (45-55) MeV Post-neutron e
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Äystö et al. (1998) [II.9] E p =
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E n = 1.60 MeV Pre-neutron emission
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E n = 27.5 (22-33) MeV Post-neutron
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E n = 99.5 (89-110) MeV Post-neutro
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Appendix III FISSION YIELD SYSTEMAT
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FIG. III.6. Dependence of chain yie
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TABLE III.2. Ln(y)-LINEAR(E) FIT CO
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FIG. III.14. Dependence of paramete
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FIG. III.26. Comparison of the mass
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FIG. III.38. Comparison of the mass
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TABLE III.3. QUADRATIC FUNCTION FIT
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Uncertainty ratio or uncertainty Ad
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CONTENTS OF THE CD-ROM The attached
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