Biodiversity of Plant Pathogenic Fungi - Kerala Forest Research ...

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South Indian moist deciduous forests (Moist deciduous forests) The trees in this type of forests reach 30 to 35 m in height. Compared to the evergreen forests, the plant species diversity is very poor. Buttressed trees are rare and fluting is common in species like Xylia xylocarpa, Tectona grandis, etc. Bamboos and reed bamboos are common. The differentiation into various layers is not very distinct. This type of forests thrives well at 200-1250 m a.s.l. The temperature regime is 20 0 C- 35 0 C. Relative humidity varies from 40-70 per cent. It prefers per annum rainfall between 1500 to 2500 mm. The principal species encountered are Bombax ceiba L., Dalbergia latifolia Roxb., Grewia tiliifolia Vahl, Lagerstroemia microcarpa Wight, Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken, Tectona grandis L.f., Terminalia paniculata Roth, Tetrameles nudiflora R.Br., Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub., etc. Giant lianas like Spatholobus sp, Entada sp etc. are very common. Common ground flora consists of many herbs, most which possess medicinal properties. These forests are in the seral stage in the succession towards climatic climax vegetation which is the wet evergreen forests. But due to successive fire incidence and anthropogenic disturbances, the forests have advanced towards the climax stage. In moist deciduous forest, 109 study sites falling in 58 Forest Ranges were taken and the disease surveys revealed that 416 plant species were infected with 164 fungi. Foliage infections were the most predominant disease recorded from these forests; about 1237 fungal isolates were obtained from the disease specimens. Comparatively very severe foliage infection caused by rust fungi was observed in these forests. The rust infection accounts for 4% of the total foliage infections. Aecidium, Alternarira, Beltrania, Beltraniella, Beltranipsis, Colletotrichum, Corynespora, Coniella, Curvularia, Cylindrocladium, Guignardia, Meliola, Microsphaeropsis, Myrothecium, Mycosphaerella, Pestalotipsis, Phoma, Phyllosticta, Phyllachora, Phomopsis, Puccinia, Ravenelia, Uredo, Uromyces, etc. are the important pathogenic fungi. Ganoderma, Fomitopsis, Phellinus, etc. are the important heart rot fungi. In moist deciduous forests, 7.38% of the total disease specimens collected from all the forest ecosystems was found 37
infected with fungi. In other words, about 65.08% of the total plant host species collected from different forest ecosystems, harbors pathogenic fungi in the moist deciduous forests in the Western Ghats. Moist-deciduous forests registered maximum fungal species richness index (Margalef’s index ); fungal species diversity index (Shannon index) was found higher than the semi-evergreen forests and very close to the forest plantations (Table 12,13). Glomerella cingulata, Phomopsis sp., Guignardia sp., Colletotrichum sp., Lasiodiplodia theobromae, etc. were the most abundant fungi among the 164 pathogenic fungi recorded in this forest ecosystem (Table 13). Table 12: Species richness and diversity indices of plant pathogenic fungi in the moist-deciduous forests No. of study plots Menhinick’s index (R2) Margalef’s index (R1) Simpson’s index Shannon index (H’) 109 4.307259 21.085314 0.0471795878 3.70955 Table 13: Fungal species abundance in the moist-deciduous forests Sl. No. Abundant fungal species No. of host plants affected % to total 1 Glomerella cingulata 135 10.98 2 Phomopsis sp. 124 10.08 3 Guignardia sp. 93 7.56 4 Colletotrichum sp. 87 7.07 5 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 81 6.59 6 Lasiodiplodia theobromae 55 4.47 7 Alternaria sp. 52 4.23 8 Pestalotiopsis maculans 40 3.25 9 Meliola sp. 38 3.09 10 Curvularia sp. 38 3.09 Southern tropical dry deciduous forests (Dry deciduous forests) This forest type is open with trees reaching 15 to 20 m. The presence of this type of forests in high elevation is mainly due to the aspect, low rainfall and frequent fires. This forests receive less rainfall (
Page 1 and 2: Biodiversity of Plant Pathogenic Fu
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Acknowledgements………
Page 5 and 6: ABSTRACT An extensive survey on pla
Page 7 and 8: INTRODUCTION The recorded forest ar
Page 9 and 10: hosts with considerable rapidity, t
Page 11 and 12: MATERIALS AND METHODS Selection of
Page 13 and 14: were collected in polythene bags se
Page 15 and 16: were worked out. The following equa
Page 17 and 18: Among 4101 fungal isolates obtained
Page 19 and 20: Fig.4: Distribution of fungal patho
Page 21 and 22: Fig. 7. Distribution of major funga
Page 23 and 24: 23 Beltraniella sp.1. 3 3 + + + + 2
Page 25 and 26: 116 Drechslera state of Cochliobolu
Page 27 and 28: 211 Puccinia Pers. sp.4. 1 1 + + +
Page 29 and 30: Table 3: Species richness and diver
Page 31 and 32: number of species increases and as
Page 33 and 34: In the wet evergreen forests, only
Page 35 and 36: Southern montane wet temperate fore
Page 37: Cylindrocladium, Guignardia, Meliol
Page 41 and 42: pentandra (L.) Gaertn., Ailanthus t
Page 43 and 44: Forest nurseries Disease survey car
Page 45 and 46: Bamba, R. and Sumbali, G. 1999. Som
Page 47 and 48: Firdousi, S.A. and Vyas, K.M., 1996
Page 49 and 50: Lal, S.P. and Kapoor, J.N. 1984. A
Page 51 and 52: Quality Timber Products of Teak fro
Page 53 and 54: Rossman, A.Y. 1995. A strategy for
Page 55 and 56: Shukla, A.N. 1996. Current status o
Page 57 and 58: LEGEND FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PLATES Plat
Page 59 and 60: Plate No.19. 1: Canthium - Uromyces
Page 61 and 62: Colletotrichum Colletotrichum acuta
Page 63 and 64: Phellinus Phellinus gilvus (Schw.)P
Page 65 and 66: Colletotrichum Colletotrichum acuta
Page 67 and 68: Phellinus Phellinus gilvus (Schw.)P
Page 69 and 70: 2. Olavakkode Circle and Protected
Page 71 and 72: 4. High Range Circle and Protected
Page 79 and 80: 2. Olavakkode Circle and Protected
Page 81 and 82: 4. High Range Circle and Protected
Page 89 and 90:
pathogenic fungi. More fungi were e
Page 91 and 92:
Cassia fistula L. 53,56,86,111,175,
Page 93 and 94:
Appendix II: Host Index Abrus preca
Page 95 and 96:
Eucalyptus clone 48,94,102,136 Euca
Page 97 and 98:
Polyalthia fragrans (Dalz.) Bedd. 9
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