ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2012

Latin America
& Caribbean
North America:
The city of Rosario (1996) in Argentina, some parts of Brazil, 65 Colombia (2007), Costa
Rica (1998), Ecuador (2005), 66 ten states of Mexico (2001-2009), 67 Nicaragua (2008),
Venezuela (1999),
Canada (1996), some parts of the United States 68
Oceania Australia, 69 Fiji (2007), New Zealand (1994)
Prohibition of discrimination in employment based on gender identity
(19 countries)
Europe Croatia (2009), Hungary (2004), Montenegro (2010), Serbia (2009), Sweden (2009).
Moreover discrimination of transgender people is covered by the gender
discrimination prohibitions in among others Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Slovakia and United
Kingdom.
Latin America
& Caribbean
North America
Oceania Australia (1996) 71
The city of Rosario (2006) in Argentina
Northwest Territories (2004) in Canada, as well as some parts of the United States 70
Constitutional prohibition of discrimination based on sexual orientation
(6 countries)
Africa South Africa (1994 and 1997) 72
Europe Kosovo (2008), Portugal (2004), Sweden (2003), Switzerland (2000), as well as some
parts of Germany 73
64 Bailiwick of Guernsey (2005), Gibraltar (2006), Isle of Man (2007). For Gibraltar, see
www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/articles/2006-37o.pdf
65 Bahia (1997), Federal District (2000), Minas Gerais (2001), Paraíba (2003), Piauí (2004), Rio de Janeiro (2000), Rio
Grande do Sul (2002), Santa Catarina (2003), São Paulo (2001) as well as a number of cities.
66 See Article 79 of the Código del Trabajo , Codificación 2005-17, available at:
http://www.unemi.edu.ec/rrhh/images/archivos/codtrab.pdf.
67 Between 2001 y 2009, ten Mexican states included in their Penal Code provisions prohibiting discrimination on the
basis of sexual orientation: Aguascalientes (Article 205 bis), Chiapas (Article 324), Distrito Federal (Article 206),
Durango (Article 324), Veracruz (Article 196), Colima (Article 225 bis), Coahuila (Article 383 bis), Tlaxcala (Article 255
bis), Chihuahua (Article 197) y Quintana Roo (Article 132). The texts of the laws are available at:
http://www2.scjn.gob.mx/LegislacionEstatal/.
68 United States: California (1993), Colorado (2007), Connecticut (1991), Delaware (2009), Hawaii (1992), Illinois (2006),
Iowa (2007), Maine (2005), Maryland (2001), Massachusetts (1990), Minnesota (1993), Nevada (1999), New Hampshire
(1998), New Jersey (1992), New Mexico (2003), New York (2003), Oregon (2008), Rhode Island (1995), Vermont (1992),
Washington (2006), Wisconsin (1982) and D.C. (1973) as well as a number of cities and towns.
69 Capital Territory (1992), New South Wales (1983), Northern Territory (1993), Queensland (1992), South Australia
(1986), Tasmania (1999), Victoria (1996), Western Australia (2002).
70 United States: California (2004), Colorado (2007), Illinois (2006), Iowa (2007), Maine (2005), Minnesota (1993), New
Jersey (2007), New Mexico (2003), Oregon (2008), Rhode Island (2001), Vermont (2007), Washington (2006) and
District of Columbia (2006), as well as a number of cities and towns.
71 See Waaldijk (2009), footnote 557, for a discussion of 1996 national legislation. Capital Territory (1992), New South
Wales (1996), Northern Territory (1993), Queensland (2003), South Australia (1986), Tasmania (1999), Victoria (2000),
Western Australia (2001). The only states using the term “Gender identity” are Queensland and Victoria, whereas
Capital Territory uses the terms “Transgender” and “Intersex”, New South Wales the term “Transgender” and Western
Australia the term “Gender history”. The rest of the states use the term “Transsexuality”.
72 According to Waaldijk (2011), prohibition of sexual orientation discrimination was included on the interim
Constitution that came into force on 27 April 1994 (article 8), and later added to article 9 of the 1997 Constitution
(both texts are available at: www.info.gov.za/documents/constitution/index.htm).
State-Sponsored Homophobia – May 2012
ILGA – The International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association - www.ilga.org
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