the salmon river watershed - Learning Centre

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Agriculture practices with shifting uses constantly need review to ensure that farm and ranch management is environmentally sustainable. To this end, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food developed commodity oriented environmental guidelines and codes of practice which set the framework for moving towards a more sustainable agricultural environment in the province. These Codes of Agricultural Practice are regulations under the Waste Management Act. Key watershed sustainability considerations include: • maintaining and enhancing water quantity and quality (surface and groundwater) for irrigation and livestock water purposes; • nutrient management (fertilizer and manure application) • continuing industry specific activities and initiatives funded and supported by government agencies (i.e., BC Federation of Agriculture Sustainable Practices Fund, Independent Rancher Projects); • irrigation water use efficiency; • riverbank erosion and livestock access; • runoff control and management • integrated pest management; • livestock facility siting; • soil erosion and compaction; • improving soil organic matter; and • range resource ecosystem changes. 2.2.3 Forestry The Salmon River watershed is located entirely within the Kamloops Forest Region, Ministry of Forests. Three Forest Districts within the Kamloops Forest Region are responsible for managing the provincial forest land within the watershed: the Salmon Arm Forest District, the Vernon Forest District and the Merritt Forest District (Figure 4). The majority of the watershed also falls within the Okanagan Timber Supply Area and a smaller area comes under the Merritt Timber Supply Area (in the upper end of the watershed). Because of the many jurisdictions, time constraints and information availability, historical harvesting information for the watershed was unavailable. However, the following information was derived from existing reports such as the Okanagan and Merritt Timber Supply Area Reviews (note: these reports do not exclusively cover the watershed, they cover much larger areas such as the Timber Supply Areas). The watershed drains more than 200,000 hectares. Estimates indicate that the total forested area in the watershed exceeds 185,000 hectares. A study completed in 1991 for the Fraser River Environmentally Sustainable Task Force examined resource uses in the South Thompson-Shuswap area. This study estimated the Salmon River watershed inventory as follows: • Non-forested 134.4 sq km (8.95%) • Potentially forested 1366.8 sq km (91.05%) • Recently logged 161.4 sq km (10.75%) • Older logging 439.1 sq km (29.25%) 35
• Total area logged 600.5 sq km (40.00%) • Forest remaining 766 sq km (51.05%) There are seven provincial forests within the boundaries of the Salmon River Watershed: • Monte Hills Provincial Forest • Martin Mountain Provincial Forest • small portions of Okanagan Provincial Forest • small portions of Shuswap Provincial Forest • small portion of Salmon Arm Provincial Forest • Fly Hill Provincial Forest • Mount Ida Provincial Forest There are four major licensees in the Salmon River Watershed. None of these licenses have processing operations in the watershed, therefore all timber harvested in the watershed is processed outside the watershed boundaries. Riverside Forest Products Ltd. operates TFL 49 and Forest Licence A18667, portions of which are in the Salmon River Watershed. TFL 49 was, at one time, made up of portions of TFL 16 and TFL 32, which date back to the 1930s. TFL 49 was formed as a result of various companies being bought by others. Riverside plans to harvest in TFL 49 for centuries. Riverside has plans for some clearcut harvesting in 1995-98 on the western side of Weyman Creek, south of Blackwell Lake. There are also some activities planned for the Nash Creek/Sawmill Lake area. Riverside estimates its annual harvest from the watershed to be 610 hectares per year with a volume of 175,000 cubic metres. This volume represents direct employment of approximately 210 and, including spin-off jobs, represents 560 jobs in total (G. Wellburn, Riverside Forest Products in Environment Canada, 1995). Riverside's volume harvested from the Salmon River Watershed goes to the mill in Armstrong. The main products are dimensional lumber and plywood. Some volume also goes into pine poles, pulp, and posts and rails. The posts and rails and poles are processed in Monte Lake, just on the boundary of the watershed. Tolko Industries Ltd. has no active operations within the watershed but it is within their planning area. Tolko’s timber licence falls within the watershed in the area just south of Falkland, and on the east side of the Salmon River where it begins to flow directly north. Tolko operates a sawmill and planer mill at Lavington, just east of Vernon and a sawmill in Merritt. Federated Cooperatives Limited operates a sawmill and plywood plant at Canoe, a few kilometres east of Salmon Arm. Federated Coop does not have any harvesting plans within the watershed for at least the next ten years. Ardew Wood Products Ltd. operates an independent mill in Merritt. Ardew has a licence in a small area of the watershed around Salmon Lake and Lavigure Lake. There is currently no active harvesting in the area, but Ardew has plans to do some selective cutting in the Lavigure Lake area in three years. Ardew anticipates that they will harvest approximately 80,000 m 3 from the area over the next two decades. 36
Page 2 and 3: DISCLAIMER This report was prepared
Page 4 and 5: TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION.
Page 6 and 7: LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: POPULATION
Page 8 and 9: There has also been a dramatic loss
Page 10 and 11: 2.0 CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS 2.1 S
Page 12 and 13: It appears that much of the populat
Page 14 and 15: Family Characteristics TABLE 2 (con
Page 16 and 17: Family Characteristics TABLE 3 (con
Page 18 and 19: watershed, particularly Westwold. T
Page 20 and 21: Approximately 11% of families in th
Page 22 and 23: First Nations Profile 12 1991 Censu
Page 24 and 25: younger people. Economic restructur
Page 26 and 27: First Nations also administer sever
Page 29 and 30: A report by the Fraser River Enviro
Page 31 and 32: which may arise from an ongoing dem
Page 33 and 34: Oqqqo-o U,q. o Lo*. mmc J. :.0 ,,.,
Page 35 and 36: Farm Size Change The interpretation
Page 37 and 38: The trend appears to be to firmly m
Page 39: Grazing Lands The drier biogeoclima
Page 43 and 44: Anticipated Trends The Salmon River
Page 45 and 46: environmental values of the area an
Page 47 and 48: Indicators initiative, a product of
Page 49 and 50: The extensive marshes of Salmon Arm
Page 51 and 52: Blackwell Lake has been proposed as
Page 53 and 54: * * al .= c Q0 ‘-’”’””-
Page 55 and 56: .+ U_
Page 57 and 58: A study by Whelen et. al. (1982) li
Page 59 and 60: FIGURE 8: SALMON RIVER -DRY REACH N
Page 61 and 62: I , I , I I I I 1 LL..@KM”’ -h
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 11: ESCAPEMENT ESTIMATES FOR
Page 65 and 66: Seasonality Information regarding u
Page 67 and 68: areas can be put into perspective,
Page 69 and 70: Miles (1995) infers from Ralph (197
Page 71 and 72: A total of 11,000 ha of wetland are
Page 73 and 74: The task of managing the multitude
Page 75 and 76: .“ &l u
Page 77 and 78: 2.3.3 Wildlife Resources, Populatio
Page 79 and 80: BIRD SPECIES DIVING DUCKS Canvasbac
Page 81 and 82: BIRD SPECIES GULLS & TERNS Franklin
Page 83 and 84: I m c? .- 3 + + .
Page 85 and 86: FREQUENCY BIRD SPECIES OFOCCURRENCE
Page 87 and 88: The occurrence of other rare, endan
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 13: MAMMAL SPECIES OCCURRENCE
Page 91 and 92:
a) Cn c o u -41 g 1111 g 1111: [111
Page 93 and 94:
Riparian zones and wetland complexe
Page 95 and 96:
Environmentally Sensitive Habitats
Page 97 and 98:
Old-Growth Forests Although lodgepo
Page 99 and 100:
ural areas encroach on wildlife suc
Page 101 and 102:
1. Salmon Arm Valley 2. Salmon Vall
Page 103 and 104:
Two isolated aquifers have been ide
Page 105 and 106:
0 0@l o w o 0 o 0- i di : I i : I .
Page 107 and 108:
FIGURE 17: Mean monthly discharge f
Page 109 and 110:
• channel destabilization includi
Page 111 and 112:
Iron, Total 0.3 mg/L 1,2 106 report
Page 113 and 114:
• Salmon River water is “hard
Page 115 and 116:
3.0 SUMMARY OF MAJOR TRENDS The Sal
Page 117 and 118:
where there are over 30 different a
Page 119 and 120:
4.0 KEY PROBLEMS IN THE WATERSHED T
Page 121 and 122:
Identifying and protecting importan
Page 123 and 124:
5.0 MOVING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY B
Page 125 and 126:
Actions: Water POSSIBLE ACTIONS ADV
Page 127 and 128:
Actions: Ecosystem Health POSSIBLE
Page 129 and 130:
Actions: Sense of Community POSSIBL
Page 131 and 132:
harvesting practices are implemente
Page 133 and 134:
Christiansen, Neils and Todd Romain
Page 135 and 136:
Romaine, Todd. 1995. Resident Surve
Page 137 and 138:
Kime, Frank. President, Salmon Arm
Page 139:
APPENDIX A: Enumeration Areas Chose
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