the salmon river watershed - Learning Centre

More documents

Recommendations

Info

z< . 1’
Two isolated aquifers have been identified in the northern portion of the valley, a smaller surface and a larger deeper one below. The lower aquifer is thought to be isolated by geological formation from the upper one and the upper aquifer may exchange relatively freely with surface flows in the river above (Pers. comm., A. Kohut, BCE, Victoria). Maps of these aquifers have been developed based on available groundwater records (well logs) and may soon become available to the SRWR in hard copy or perhaps in digital format (M. Wei, BCE, Victoria, pers. comm.). Similar information is not available for headward portions of the valley at the present time. Information collected by BCE indicates that there is no significant long term decline in groundwater flow based on sample sites located at the south end of the Salmon Arm Valley physiographic subdivision (Pers. comm., A. Kohut, BCE, Victoria). Surface flow varies along the river in relation to geology, inflow sources and outflow sources. Important outflow components include natural losses and human use withdrawals. Obedkoff (1976) presented an insightful assessment in 1976 of the streamflow regime of the river including perspectives on the relative bearing of groundwater and surface water inputs, losses and withdrawal demands on fisheries resource requirements at low flow. This study documented significant interaction between ground and surface water indicating a need to consider both as a single resource. This was reiterated by A. Kohut, BCE at a public meeting presentation given at Falkland in 1995 (SRWR). 2.4.2 Water Demand Under the Obedkoff (1976) study (Figure 16) high irrigation demand periods (July-August) were shown to correspond with low flow periods and critical time windows for salmon migration and spawning activities. Aquametrix (1995) noted that 30-50% of the in-stream flow reduction experienced during low flow periods in the Salmon River which are critical to spawning and rearing life stages of salmon can be accounted for by surface water withdrawal for irrigation and domestic purposes. Further to a 1954 (anon, DFO, 1954) realization that low flow period water availability conflicts existed between irrigation demand and minimum fisheries requirements, Obedkoff (1976) reiterated a need to manage water extraction to maintain minimum flow requirements for sustaining salmon reproduction requirements. Two key recommendations of Obedkoff et al. (1976) which remain unresolved are to: • conduct a field survey of licensed water withdrawals to determine or estimate the quantity of water withdrawn from the system • establish a licensing system for groundwater, similar to surface water licensing Present day hydrologic flow regimes are thought to have been affected by several key land and resource use practices which have occurred in the watershed as a result of European settlement. These especially include forest harvesting methods and agricultural practices of the past 100-150 years (Fraser River Environmentally Sustainable Task Force, 1991; NW Hydraulics, 1992; Aquametrix, 1995; Burt and Wallis, 1995; Miles 1995; Vadas, in prep). Mean monthly discharge data collected by Water Surveys Canada for the period of record are provided in Figure 17. Breakdowns of this data by Miles (1995) for three segments of the river length from the uppermost station (Salmon River above Salmon Lake ) to monitoring stations further downstream (at Falkland and near Salmon Arm) show an increase in mean annual discharge (MAD) in a pattern from upper to lower watershed. A corresponding comparison shows lower mean annual discharge per unit of drainage area in lower versus upper watershed. A combination of natural and human related factors including elevation, snowpack, 98
Page 2 and 3:
DISCLAIMER This report was prepared
Page 4 and 5:
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION.
Page 6 and 7:
LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: POPULATION
Page 8 and 9:
There has also been a dramatic loss
Page 10 and 11:
2.0 CURRENT STATUS AND TRENDS 2.1 S
Page 12 and 13:
It appears that much of the populat
Page 14 and 15:
Family Characteristics TABLE 2 (con
Page 16 and 17:
Family Characteristics TABLE 3 (con
Page 18 and 19:
watershed, particularly Westwold. T
Page 20 and 21:
Approximately 11% of families in th
Page 22 and 23:
First Nations Profile 12 1991 Censu
Page 24 and 25:
younger people. Economic restructur
Page 26 and 27:
First Nations also administer sever
Page 29 and 30:
A report by the Fraser River Enviro
Page 31 and 32:
which may arise from an ongoing dem
Page 33 and 34:
Oqqqo-o U,q. o Lo*. mmc J. :.0 ,,.,
Page 35 and 36:
Farm Size Change The interpretation
Page 37 and 38:
The trend appears to be to firmly m
Page 39 and 40:
Grazing Lands The drier biogeoclima
Page 41 and 42:
• Total area logged 600.5 sq km (
Page 43 and 44:
Anticipated Trends The Salmon River
Page 45 and 46:
environmental values of the area an
Page 47 and 48:
Indicators initiative, a product of
Page 49 and 50:
The extensive marshes of Salmon Arm
Page 51 and 52: Blackwell Lake has been proposed as
Page 53 and 54: * * al .= c Q0 ‘-’”’””-
Page 55 and 56: .+ U_
Page 57 and 58: A study by Whelen et. al. (1982) li
Page 59 and 60: FIGURE 8: SALMON RIVER -DRY REACH N
Page 61 and 62: I , I , I I I I 1 LL..@KM”’ -h
Page 63 and 64: FIGURE 11: ESCAPEMENT ESTIMATES FOR
Page 65 and 66: Seasonality Information regarding u
Page 67 and 68: areas can be put into perspective,
Page 69 and 70: Miles (1995) infers from Ralph (197
Page 71 and 72: A total of 11,000 ha of wetland are
Page 73 and 74: The task of managing the multitude
Page 75 and 76: .“ &l u
Page 77 and 78: 2.3.3 Wildlife Resources, Populatio
Page 79 and 80: BIRD SPECIES DIVING DUCKS Canvasbac
Page 81 and 82: BIRD SPECIES GULLS & TERNS Franklin
Page 83 and 84: I m c? .- 3 + + .
Page 85 and 86: FREQUENCY BIRD SPECIES OFOCCURRENCE
Page 87 and 88: The occurrence of other rare, endan
Page 89 and 90: TABLE 13: MAMMAL SPECIES OCCURRENCE
Page 91 and 92: a) Cn c o u -41 g 1111 g 1111: [111
Page 93 and 94: Riparian zones and wetland complexe
Page 95 and 96: Environmentally Sensitive Habitats
Page 97 and 98: Old-Growth Forests Although lodgepo
Page 99 and 100: ural areas encroach on wildlife suc
Page 101: 1. Salmon Arm Valley 2. Salmon Vall
Page 105 and 106: 0 0@l o w o 0 o 0- i di : I i : I .
Page 107 and 108: FIGURE 17: Mean monthly discharge f
Page 109 and 110: • channel destabilization includi
Page 111 and 112: Iron, Total 0.3 mg/L 1,2 106 report
Page 113 and 114: • Salmon River water is “hard
Page 115 and 116: 3.0 SUMMARY OF MAJOR TRENDS The Sal
Page 117 and 118: where there are over 30 different a
Page 119 and 120: 4.0 KEY PROBLEMS IN THE WATERSHED T
Page 121 and 122: Identifying and protecting importan
Page 123 and 124: 5.0 MOVING TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY B
Page 125 and 126: Actions: Water POSSIBLE ACTIONS ADV
Page 127 and 128: Actions: Ecosystem Health POSSIBLE
Page 129 and 130: Actions: Sense of Community POSSIBL
Page 131 and 132: harvesting practices are implemente
Page 133 and 134: Christiansen, Neils and Todd Romain
Page 135 and 136: Romaine, Todd. 1995. Resident Surve
Page 137 and 138: Kime, Frank. President, Salmon Arm
Page 139: APPENDIX A: Enumeration Areas Chose
show all

the salmon river watershed - Learning Centre

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?