Respiration; buccal and opercular pumps

2. THE BUCCAL AND OPERCULAR PUMPS
In contrast to most terrestrial vertebrates in which oxygen flow
across the lungs is bidirectional—inflow and outflow associated
with dead air space—oxygen flow in fishes is unidirectional.
Water is always sucked in through the mouth and exits by way of
the opercular openings on each side of the head.
This unidirectional flow pattern eliminates the waste (i.e., lower
efficiency) associated with dead air space and makes it possible to
maintain a constant gradient for oxygen to diffuse from the water
into the blood by way of the gills.