Historical studies

appear as a nome in Roman times. Phagroriopolis,
the " eel city," was near this (Strabo), and therefore
in the old Heroopolite nome. xv Baht was the civil
name of the capital, Panephusis, the nome being
named Neout (de R. 105-6).
49. The nomes of Upper Egypt are a simplersubject
than those of the Delta ; but there are some results
which follow from our study of the development of
the Delta nomes, and of the successive periods of the
lists. The list A of the corn-figures of Osiris was
seen to be the earliest in the Delta, as it was framed
before the founding of Memphis. So also in Upper
Egypt it is the shortest list, only giving four nomes,
V Koptos, viii Abydos, xiv Kousai, and xx Hera-
kleopolis. Brugsch's reading of Elephantine instead
of Abydos is very unlikely, as Elephantine is always
written as the nome Ta-kens in these lists, and not as
the town Abit. These four nomes of Upper Egypt,
with nine of the Delta, make the primitive thirteen
divisions of Egypt before the dynasties. (Map i.)
The list B includes Memphis, and is therefore of
the earliest dynasties ; in Upper Egypt it includes
Elephantine.
Lists C and D appear to be contemporary.
Koptos is dropped out and Tentyra substituted. The
date of this change may be gathered from Khufu
being stated to have founded the temple of Tentyra,
and the cemetery there beginning about the end of
the iiird dynasty. The xth nome appears, but not in
the list of Osiris relics. The nome Atf was split
into inner and outer, xiii Lykopolis and xiv Kousai.
The Fayum was substituted for Herakleopolis. Thus
six nomes go with ten of the Delta to make the
sixteen nomes of the members of Osiris, Map ii.
The next stage is that of the various other relics
of Osiris, later than the primitive list of sixteen, see
Map iii. These were in ii Apollinopolis, iii Eileith-
yiapolis, v Koptos, vii Diospolis, xi Hypsele, xii
Hierakonpolis, and xviii Hipponon. The total of the
nomes was thus thirteen in Upper Egypt.
After this came the stage of Map iv, the addition
of the divisions which had no relics of Osiris, nomes
iv, ix, X, XV, xvi, xvii, xix, xxi, and xxii, making
up the full religious list of twenty-two nomes. This
was probably the condition during the Middle Kingdom
or earlier.
50. At a later date (see Map v) a much closer sub-
division of the Nile Valley took place. There were
not only three nomes above Thebes, but three more
ha princes, at Hierakonpolis, Latopolis, and Her-
monthis. In the list on the temple of Ramessu II at
THE NOMES OF UPPER EGYPT 27
Abydos (Mariette, Abydos, ii, 12) there are thirty-six
names within the nine upper nomes. And in Ptolemaic
times, at Edfu, there is a supplementary list of
fourteen extra names within the first eight nomes
(Brugsch, Diet. Geog. 708).
Ha