Historical studies

double use of names for contiguous nomes, inner
and outer, or south and north, which shew the
larger districts which were subdivided. Another
guide is the order of the nomes in the Delta, the
basis of which is systematic, though interrupted by
insertions out of order, which are therefore later.
In following the various publications the hieroglyph
text should be used, as translators have made
curious errors in well-known names, and a later
compiler has even added to such blunders. The
principal sources of lists are the following, lettered
as in the table pi. vii.
A. Corn-figures of Osiris made at 13 cities.
Dendereh. (Dlimichen, Geog. Inschr. \\, i-iii ; Brugsch,
Zeits. Aeg. Spr. 1881, 79 ; Loret, Recueil, iii, 44.)
B. Ceremonies performed at 16 cities. Dendereh.
(Dum. Geog. Ins. H, iv ; Brugsch, Z. A. S. 18S1, 84 ;
Loret, Rec. iii, 49.)
C. Feasts of agriculture at 16 cities. Dendereh-
(Dum. Geog. Ins. H, xviii ; Brugsch, Z.A. S. 1881,97 ;
Loret, Rec. v, 87.)
D. Relics of Osiris kept at 16 cities. Dendereh.
(Dum. Geog. Ins. il, xvii ; Brugsch, Z. A. S. 1881, 96;
Loret, Rec. v, 85.)
E. The order of the Delta nomes consecutively
along five lines of the Nile, beginning at the west.
Twelve are thus in order, and eight others have been
inserted later out of order.
F. G. Cities with relics of Osiris. These are
thirteen in Upper Egypt, where only seven cities
appear in the earlier stages. Nine nome cities were
without actual relics, and are therefore later. (F,
Dum. Geog. Ins. ill, i ; this list scarcely notices the
Delta, and G, the Delta list, in HI, xliii-liii, is so
full that it belongs to a later age.)
The standard list of nomes is found from the
xixth dynasty at Abydos (Mariette, Ahydos, i, 11),
down to Ptolemaic copies at Dendereh and Philae
(Dum. Geog. Ins. HI, iii-xxv, xxvii-xli, lix-xcvii).
It is so generally followed as a standard that it is
used here as the first column of the table.
H, J. The increased list of nomes in the xviiith
dynasty is shewn by the ha princes, and by the lists
of Upper Egypt in the xixth dynasty, H (Mariette,
Abydos, ii, 12), and of the Delta, J (Mariette, Abydos,
i, 14). Another list of additional nomes is too
fragmentary to be used as a whole (Dum. Geog.
Ins. I, Ixv).
K. The coinage of the reign of Hadrian shews the
recognised administrative divisions then ;
THE LISTS OF THE NOMES 23
but, as these
coins are rare, there may have been coinage for
other nomes which has not yet been found. (J. de
Roug6, Monnaies des nomes.)
L. The writers of Roman age, Strabo, Pliny, and
Ptolemy, give lists of nomes, all of the names in
which are here given.
The two lists in the Revenue Papyrus of Ptolemy
Philadelphos are entirely for specifying the rates
of tax, and the amount of oil crop ; their order is
therefore artificial, and they refer solely to taxation,
so that their omissions are consequently of no value
as compared with the lists of the Roman period.
We here avoid the complex questions of the
identifications of sites, as we are only concerned with
the number and general position of the administrative
divisions. The Geographie ancienne de la Basse-Egypte
of J. de Rouge is followed as the best authority for
the Delta.
44. We shall here consider the Delta and Upper
Egypt separately, and the Delta first because there
are more clues to the successive subdivisions of the
nomes. The Roman numerals here will thus refer
only to the Delta nomes until we deal with Upper
Egypt. The normal list of the nomes according to
the standard of the xixth dynasty, probably trans-
mitted from the xiith, and continued for religious
purposes to Ptolemaic times, is as follows :
Egyptian Name.
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