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272 Structure and the Book ofZechariah
fore, is somewhat different, but one can well imagine the author of
9.8 making use of this phrase to express a reversal of fortune for the
people of Israel, and I should not delete this as a gloss, as does BHS
for example. It is difficult to argue for more than this.
This leaves a small group of words which might serve this function:
J?c0% which is used of Yahweh's action for his people, with the niphal
participle in 9.9; K'nn, used of Yahweh's bringing his people to
Jerusalem/from the land of Egypt; D'n^K (see above); and pis, which
is remarkably rare in Zechariah (only 8.8, attached to the important
climax of chs. 7-8, and 9.9, where the adjective pnx refers to the
coming king). It is noticeable that these all occur in 8.7-8, with their
counterparts mostly in a comparatively small compass, 9.7-10.6. It is
also interesting that Mason identified some of these verses as having
affinities with proto-Zechariah. 1 We shall deal with these in connection
with the sections of Zechariah 9-14 since it seems more likely
that its author(s)/editor(s) has/have been influenced by proto-Zechariah
than vice versa.
I conclude that we have found evidence of a connection between
Zechariah 1-8 and 9-14, but not of an overall editing of the whole
book.
Arguments for the Unity of Zechariah
Having looked at the verbal links between each section of Zechariah
1-8 and the rest of the book, we should be in a position to offer an
opinion on the likelihood that the whole of Zechariah 1-14 is a unity.
We have not found evidence in favour of this view, so let us ask if
there actually is evidence that this method does not take account of.
One of the most succinct presentations of arguments for the unity of
Zechariah is given by Joyce Baldwin. 2 She mentions Barnes who notes
the following features:
centrality of Jerusalem
sympathetic attitude to Ephraim
prominent place given to David.
1. See, e.g., Zechariah 9-14, pp. 11, 26-27, 29, 30-31, 36-38, 85-88, 93, 98-
100, 123-24, 124, 127-28; The Purpose of the Editorial Framework of the Book of
Haggai,' VT27 (1976), pp. 227-31, 233-36.
2. Baldwin, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, p. 68.