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4. Connections Between Sections ofZechariah 1-14 241
We first consider the nature of these repetitions.
*]xp 1.2 (2x), 15 (3x), which also (and only) occurs in 7.12 and
8.14, must be considered along with: DOT (1.6; 8.14-15) and tup (1.14;
8.2 [2x]) with ifna nwp (1.14; 8.2). Together these form the strongest
evidence for treating 1.1-6, 15-17 and chs. 7-8 as coming from the
same hand. The general context is similar: they are concerned with
Yahweh's anger against his people in the past; with what he purposed
to do to them, and with what he will do in the future.
an is used in 1.2, 4, 5, 6 and 8.14 of 'the fathers'. In 13.3.##8,19 it
refers to a man's father.
Titf, in 1.3 (2x), 4, 6 and 16 is used of (re)turning to Yahweh.
Zech. 4.1; 5.1, 6.1 and 8.15 do not seem to be significant (= 'again').
The usage elsewhere varies, but refers mostly to returning (physically)
to Zion (Yahweh in 8.3; the people in Zech. 9.12-10.10; the MT has
'dwell' in 10.6). An interesting parallel, connecting Zechariah 1-8
and 9-14, is atfni nara, 7.14 and 9.8. ] The meaning is 'turn (my hand
against)' in 13.7.
mp 1.4, 14, 17; 3.10; 7.7, 13 (2x); 8.3 (Jerusalem called city of
truth); 11.7 (2x) (naming the staffs); 13.9. The verb is used in
Zechariah 1 and 7.7 of prophetic communication, in 7.13 of reciprocal
communication (or rather the lack of it) and in 13.9 of calling
upon the name of Yahweh. The remainder refer to 'naming'. There is
some additional evidence here that the same editor worked over 1.1-6
and chs. 7-8.
ptftn occurs in 1.4 and 7.7, 12 with reference to the 'former
prophets'. This is clearly related to the 'former days' in 8.11. The other
references are different: 'first chariot', 'victory first to...', 'former
gate'. This confirms what is said above in connection with top.
•pi, in 1.4 and 6, refers to the Israelites' evil ways. Zech. 3.7 is
related to this: Joshua is charged to walk in God's ways. Zech. 9.13 is
completely different. This gives weak support to the view that
Zechariah 3 is later than the other visions and may be connected with
the redactor rather than the prophet himself.
1. The phrase in 9.8 is often deleted as a gloss; e.g. BHS. On the other hand, it
is accepted by conservative scholars as evidence of the unity of Zechariah. E.g.
Baldwin, Haggai, Zechariah, Malachi, pp. 68-69; K.L. Barker, 'Zechariah', in The
Expositor's Bible Commentary (ed. F.E. Gaebelein; Grand Rapids: Zondervan,
1985), VII, pp. 595-697 (596 n. 2).