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3. The Structure of Individual Sections of Zechariah 195 with 9.4 (fire devours) and 10.2ff. (shepherds), and in doing so, to prepare for the shepherd allegory of 11.4ff. I conclude that 9.1-11.3 is to be thought of as an editorial unity and interpreted as a whole. We need, therefore, to put aside patchwork theories of complilation once and for all. 1 Comparison with the editorial methods shown in Zechariah 1-8, shows this first section of Zechariah 9-14 to be very different. There is still, apparently, a concern for literary structure, but: 1. The units are not so clearly marked off. 2. The structures are less precisely indicated by repeated words, and so forth. 3. There is much more inter-relationship between different subsections of the whole. P.O. Hanson's The Dawn of Apocalyptic It is of interest to enquire how this result relates to other work in this field. In Chapter 2 we considered the divisions proposed by scholars, mainly on the basis of form-critical criteria. Although we have confirmed the subdivisions of the text and are basically in line with the scholarly consensus, the suggestion that 9.1-11.3 should be kept together as an editorial unit is unusual. One work that goes some way towards this is P.D. Hanson's The Dawn of Apocalyptic,2 which argues that at least 9.1-17 and 10.1-12 are whole units. Moreover, he regards the writer of Zechariah 10 as having before him ch. 9, which is a similar situation to what I have suggested: a redactor may have been responsible for parts of ch. 10, especially vv. 5 and 11. Hanson bases his argument on a 'contextual-typological method', claiming that there is a recognizable 'Divine Warrior Hymn' underlying Zechariah 9. This he seeks to demonstrate by appealing to 1. However, many older studies were not so much incompatible with, as uninterested in, the conclusions I have drawn. It could be that many of the differences noted do derive from different authors and editors. The real incompatibility is that I have not felt able to prove editorial incompetence. 2. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1975. He repeats the same views more briefly in 'Old Testament Apocalyptic Re-examined', Int 25 (1971), pp. 454-79, reprinted in Visionaries and their Apocalypses (ed. P.D. Hanson; Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1983), pp. 37-60.
196 Structure and the Book ofZechariah various texts from the OT and other ancient west Asian sources. 1 The pattern he presents for Zechariah 9 is: Conflict—victory (1-7) Temple secured (8) Victory shout and procession (9) Manifestation of Yahweh's universal reign (10) Salvation: Captives released (11-13) Theophany of Divine Warrior (14) Sacrifice and banquet (15) Fertility of restored order (16-17) I have two questions in mind: does this holistic approach to Zechariah 9 (and 10) in any way support—or undermine—our own results? And do his sub-divisions confirm or call into question those that we have discovered? The answer to both questions must be negative. First of all, we note that he employs the same sort of subjective 'labelling' that we discovered in many structural studies. 'Conflict-victory' is a rather general category and it would be difficult to write a salvation prophecy that could not be labelled in this way. The victory element here is not prominent. Verse 8 might be correctly translated 'I will stand guard near my house' and mean 'the temple is secured', but the text is difficult, and the 'house' might mean the land of Judah: at any rate some caution is needed before making far-reaching claims. 'Manifestation' seems gratuitous; vv. 11-13 deal with more than 'release of captives' and 'salvation' is the subject for the whole of 9.1-11.3 (the word 'save' occurs not here but in 9.16 etc.). The emphasis in 9.16-17 is not on 'fertility of restored order' but on Yahweh's action on behalf of his people and the pleasantness of having grain and new wine again, traditional signs of blessing. We can only suspect that the plan has been slanted so as to fit the Divine Warrior theory. Moreover, the same criticism could be levelled against the examples he gives in order to establish the pattern. Given the fact that the people of Israel believed that Yahweh intervened in history on their behalf, prayed to him against their enemies, celebrated victories by processions, by worship and by sacrifice (with feasting) in the temple, and looked forward to the time when he would be acknowledged as Lord over all the earth, it is not surprising that certain types of psalm contain the required elements. 1. Dawn of Apocalyptic, pp. 300-22, esp. 315-16.
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journal for the study of the old te
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Structure and the Book of Zechariah
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CONTENTS Preface 7 Table of Figures
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PREFACE This book was conceived in
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TABLE OF FIGURES 1. Patterns in the
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JBL JEOL JETS JNES JR JSOT JSS JTS
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INTRODUCTION This book has two mutu
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Introduction 15 studies are entirel
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Introduction 17 1. Small individual
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1. Investigating Structure 19 a uni
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1. Investigating Structure 21 in th
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Psalm 3 [Gibbs [Auffret Psalm 4 [Gi
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1. Investigating Structure 25 repet
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1. Investigating Structure 27 The a
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1. Investigating Structure 33 2. Th
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1. Investigating Structure 39 The f
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1. Investigating Structure 43 1. 2.
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1. Investigating Structure 45 The s
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1. Investigating Structure 47 scept
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1. Investigating Structure 49 the c
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1. Investigating Structure 51 Coven
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1. Investigating Structure 53 Theor
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1. Investigating Structure 55 a *7i
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1. Investigating Structure 57 surer
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1. Investigating Structure 59 3. We
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1. Investigating Structure 61 e. At
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2. Division of Zechariah 63 usually
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2. Division of Zechariah 65 2.1-4:
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2. Division of Zechariah 67 2.77: I
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2. Division of Zechariah 69 5.1-4:
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2. Division of Zechariah 71 peoples
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2. Division of Zechariah 73 prepare
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2. Division of Zechariah 75 10.Iff.
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2. Division of Zechariah 77 10.1-11
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Main investigation (computer result
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Verses 1 Word 1 ehn 1 2 ntf 3 3 DTT
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3. The Structure of Individual Sect
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5. Conclusions 303 However, in orde
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5. Conclusions 305 what the author/
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Bibliography 307 Good, R.M., 'Zecha
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Bibliography 309 Tidwell, N.L.A., '
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Bibliography 311 De Roche, M., 'Str
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Bibliography 313 Loader, J.A., Pola
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Bibliography 315 Veimes, G., Script
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30 34.22-23 46.3-4 58 68.10-11 71.2
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1-2 1 1.1-17 1.1-6 1.1 1.2-6 1.2 1.
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5.7 5.9 5.10 5.11 6-8 6 6.1-8 6.1 6
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9.11-17 9.11 9.12-10.10 9.12 9.13 9
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Matthew 21.1-11 27.10 180 210 Index
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Kikawada, I.M. 48 Kline, M.G. 275 K
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