The Earth's Shifting Crust by Charles Hapgood - wire of information

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436 poles (Cont.) Ch. I, 365; wanderings, 32-33. EARTHS SHIFTING CRUST See also Hudson Bay, icecaps, Wisconsin glaciation pollen, agoff poplar, 65 Pre-Cambrian, 67 precession, 43, and see Drayson in Index of Names; allegedly re- lated to 2i,ooo-year climatic cycle, 310 "predictability," 37Qff; and future developments, Ch. XII passim; vindication of displacement hy- pothesis, 379-80 public interest, necessary for scien- tific advancement, 3 quick-freezing processes, 238-44 radioactivity, subcrustal, 87, 116; alleged cause of mountain building, 87; proposed source of internal heat of crust, 116-17 radioelement dating, 29, 41, 44-56, 130, 195, 202, 21 off, 307, 309, 374; called reliable by Einstein, 364; questioned because of revo- lutionary conclusions, 47-48, 212-13, 29off. See also cores, ionium method; Hough and Urry in Index of Names radiolaria, 171; as evidence for increasing coldness of Antarctic waters, 171 reptiles, along Dvina River, 63; in Antarctica, 60; in various sub- Arctic regions, 63 rhinoceros, woolly, 227, 233, 234 Rift Valley (Africa), 81, 143-45, '73 rifts and rift valleys, 81, 109, no, 113* 385 "Riss" glaciation, evidence for Eurasian pole, 275 rotational stability, 17, 20, 25, 366- 69 sabertooth cat, 227, 233, 234, 335, 336 San Augustin Plains, 29off Sangamon Interglacial, 276, 292, 304; contemporary with Wurm glaciation, 292 scorpions, 320 sea bottoms, contain mountain ranges, 29, 145!!; contain vol- canoes, 29; cores taken from, see cores, ionium method, radioelement dating; evidence for sunken continents, 137-45, 2995, 326 (see also land bridges); not deeply sedimented, 29, 146, 148- 49; not smooth plains, 28-29, 145; recurring uplifts, 142, 148. See also continents, crust, mountain building, volcanic islands, volcanism sea level, as equipotential surface, 371, 373; changes in, 15, 120-26, 134, 196, 216; changes unexplained by melting of icecaps, 196, 2i7ff, 220; "eustatic" change, 272; evidence for fall, 223; fall explained by growing Antarctic icecap, 221-23, 226; not universally rising, 222 "sea mounts," i47ff seasonal changes, 68-69 sedimentary beds of continents, formed under sea, 140 sedimentary rocks, 59, 78, 129, 310; 95% ground down, 129 sediments, marine, 7 iff, 197, 271, Ch. XI; extremely slow deposi* tion rate, 146; and turbidity, 146-47. See also cores, ionium method, radioelement dating, sedimentary rocks
selection pressure, mild, 318; strong (i.e., major climatic change), 321 Sequoia, 65 sharks, 320 shrinking of crust, 82-84, 87, no; refuted, 83-84. See also cooling "sial" and "sima," 152 Sierra Nevadas, accounted for by "gridiron" fracture systems, io6 Silurian, 75, 129 simplicity of a theory, 388 sloth, giant, 227 snow, increased fall in Antarctica, 164-65; rapid accumulation in Antarctica, i67ff; explained, 169 solids, behavior of, at extremely high pressures, 189; relationship to deep-focus earthquakes, 189 species, adaptation to different climates, 61, 322-23; "degenera- tion" concept refuted, 334-37; drastic climatic change and, 322-24; extinctions, 197, 207, 227; history compared with individual growth and aging, 333-37> this notion likened to medieval scholastic logic, 333; "maturity," see intrazonal adaptation; mutations and, 316-18; new, not produced, 3i6f; tropical, survival refutes theory of simultaneous world-wide glacia- tions, 328; "youth," see adap- tive radiation. See also adaptation, climate, distribution, extinction, ice ages, land bridges, mammoth, mastodon, volcanism sphenodon, 320 Spitzbergen, formerly warm, 62-65 stabilizing effect of equatorial bulge, 17, 20, 25 vstorms, 236, 254-55, 266-71 INDEX OF SUBJECTS 437 strandlines, 224ff stratigraphy handicapped by ero- sion, 129 subcrustal currents, 87-88; lack of evidence for, 88 sunspot cycles, 165 surface of mass, 372-73, 377 swamp-cypress, 65 "Swedish Time Scale," 211. See varves "sweepstakes" process in distribution of species, 326 synclines, 90* See also geosynclines Taxodium, 65 "Tazewell Advance" (of Wiscon- sin icecap), 200-1, 218 "Tazewell Maximum," 211 Teleosaurus, 63 tempo, of evolution, Ch. X; of geological change, 12. See also displacements, icecaps, mountain building "Tethys Sea," 137, 140 thermal energy arriving at surface, 66 tigers, 230; their thick fur not an adaptation to cold, 232 tree ferns, in Antarctica, 60 Triassic, 63, 130; coal deposits, 71 triaxial deformation of earth, 180- 84; amount of equatorial oval- ness, 181; evidence for displacement, 183-84; irreconcilable with isostasy theory, 183 trilobites, 67 "Two Creeks Interstadial," 201 Tyrannosaurus rex, 320 uncompensated mass, 341, See also anomaly 373-77. uniformitarianism, 48, 304, and see Lyell in Index of Names universal temperate climates, refuted, 65-70
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Earth's Shifting Crust A Key to Som
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to FRED, WILLIE, PRU, and MARY G.
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the Earth, 116; 9. Changing Sea Lev
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. I. The C
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FOREWORD by Albert Einstein I frequ
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AUTHOR'S NOTE: To the Layman and th
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When it comes time
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 correspondence, a
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9 lord Simpson, Maj
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INTRODUCTION 11 cists. The new idea
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INTRODUCTION 1$ the earth. They hav
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INTRODUCTION 15 time, a point near
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INTRODUCTION 1? eccentricity would,
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INTRODUCTION 19 first step must be
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INTRODUCTION 21 of displacement, to
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TABLE I The Geological Periods INTR
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 25 pos
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 2? lon
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PAST THEORIES OF FOLAR SHIFT 2Q gra
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PAST THEORIES OF BOLAR SHIFT gl of
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT gj the
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THEICEAGES 35 yet no theory is gene
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THEICEAGES 37 extended 1100 miles t
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THEICEAGES 39 conflict with basic p
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THE ICE AGES 41 or third region; bu
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THE ICE AGES 43 canic dust and carb
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THEICEAGES 45 years. To a geologist
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THEICEAGES 47 revelation that the l
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THEICEAGES 49 Recent geological lit
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THE ICE AGES 51 The period 133,000-
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THEICEAGES 53 bottom of the Ross Se
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THE ICE AGES 55 tween 6,000 and 4,0
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THE ICE AGES 57 e. It must solve th
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 59 can, however, b
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6l directions of o
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6j region: ' 'Larg
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Wallace describes the flora of the
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 67 in earlier ages
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 69 nian to the Eoc
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 71 Pauly cites ano
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 73 zones at the pr
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 75 tive tool with
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 77 Very possibly M
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IV : THE MOUNTAINS PART I. The Fold
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THE MOUNTAINS 8l Sierra Nevada Moun
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THE MOUNTAINS 8j the earth. The dou
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THE MOUNTAINS 87 ing. Joly attempte
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THE MOUNTAINS 91 ments and possibly
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THE MOUNTAINS 93 termine the precis
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THE MOUNTAINS 95 NORTH POLE POSITIO
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THEMOUNTAINS 97 see, fractures in a
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THEMOUNTAINS 99 would rise in the c
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THE MOUNTAINS 1O1 The amount of the
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THE MOUNTAINS There is still one de
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THE MOUNTAINS 105 The recognition w
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THE MOUNTAINS 107 displacement, and
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THE MOUNTAINS Europe was nowhere ne
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THE MOUNTAINS 111 PART II. Volcanis
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THE MOUNTAINS 11$ all the way from
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THE MOUNTAINS 117 of the earth. Sma
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THE MOUNTAINS to its present latitu
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ward by a shift of the whole crust,
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THE MOUNTAINS 12$ crust, and these
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THE MOUNTAINS 125 It follows that w
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In another place he says: THE MOUNT
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THE MOUNTAINS 12Q plete. It has bee
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THE MOUNTAINS 1J1 much more continu
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 1J3 avo
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 135 ref
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 137 dee
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 13 feel
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 141 It
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 143 and
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 145 one
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 147 reg
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 149 the
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 15! com
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 153 cha
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 155 Fig
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 157 It
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 159 ance and
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH l6l to yield
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 163 ment wit
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 165 ing gene
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 167 of water
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 169 as winte
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 171 the flow
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 173 the crus
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 175 lithosph
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 177 gravitat
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 179 distorti
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH l8l is a dev
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 183 supposes
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 185 justment
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 187 siderabl
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: his : rock It is not easy to reco
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 1Q1 I have n
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VII : NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE In
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE he could
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 1Q7 An ei
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE than is t
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2O1 gin o
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2OJ Assum
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 205 A spe
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE ago (242:
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2OQ think
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 211 facts
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE radiocarb
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 215 that
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 217 rebou
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE the meeti
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 221 varia
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 22J from
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 225 by th
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VIII : THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS When t
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 229 2. The Ma
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 231 tions fro
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS favorable cir
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS standing. The
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 237 it is not
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 239 perfect c
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 241 Siberian
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24$ "Lovelock
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 245 tinguishe
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 247 trict. .
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24Q mainly on
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 251 we would
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 253 enough du
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 255 following
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 257 this isn'
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 259 imbedded
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS g6l limestone
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 263 greater o
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 265 tected co
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 267 in which
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 269 be preser
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 271 are today
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 273
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SAND > POLLEN PERCENTAGE 10 20 30 4
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 2Q3
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST P-12
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 2Q7
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST teri
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 40 5
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST It a
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST Jll
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST the
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X : LIFE In the preceding chapters
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LIFE 317 an entirely accidental pro
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LIFE totally inconceivable unless i
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LIFE 321 to find the conditions the
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LIFE 323 to mean increased competit
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LIFE .325 lifted, the sea will with
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LIFE 327 continent of Asia, but als
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LIFE 329 reconsider it in terms of
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LIFE 331 could utilize it, but afte
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LIFE 333 species can be compared wi
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LIFE 335 the pre-Cambrian, and ther
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LIFE 337 If a species becomes extin
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LIFE 339 of crust displacement is q
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 341 will overc
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 343 examine wi
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 345 crust alon
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CAMPBELL S MECHANISM 347 NORTH POLE
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 349 wedge, whi
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CAMPBELLS MECHANISM 351 place to pl
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 353 ment sugge
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 355 near the e
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 357 more impro
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 359 itself, bu
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 361 being push
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 363 the earth,
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 365 considerab
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 367 tributes t
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 369 hoping tha
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 371 feet will
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 373 surface. A
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 375 as a resul
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 377 termined b
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XII : CONCLUSION i. Looking Forward
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CONCLUSION 381 sized by Brown, that
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CONCLUSION 383 the progressive weak
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Page 395 and 396: CONCLUSION 387 present time are dis
Page 397 and 398: CONCLUSION 389 Frazer, author of th
Page 399 and 400: Dear Mr. Hapgood, APPENDIX Princeto
Page 401 and 402: GLOSSARY ANOMALY, Positive: An exce
Page 403 and 404: GLOSSARY 395 suit from the adaptati
Page 405 and 406: BIBLIOGRAPHY 397 17. Bailey, Thomas
Page 407 and 408: BIBLIOGRAPHY 399 58. Bucher, Walter
Page 409 and 410: BIBLIOGRAPHY 4O1 98. Daly, R. A., O
Page 411 and 412: 136. Emiliani, Cesare, personal com
Page 413 and 414: BIBLIOGRAPHY 405 sonian Institution
Page 415 and 416: BIBLIOGRAPHY 407 *io. Hess, H. H.,
Page 417 and 418: BIBLIOGRAPHY 409 of the American As
Page 419 and 420: BIBLIOGRAPHY 411 The Shifting in Po
Page 421 and 422: BIBLIOGRAPHY 413 3i6a. Nddai, Arpad
Page 423 and 424: BIBLIOGRAPHY 415 354. Reid, Harry F
Page 425 and 426: BIBLIOGRAPHY 417 404. Stetson, H. C
Page 427 and 428: BIBLIOGRAPHY 419 438. Urey, Harold
Page 429 and 430: INDEX OF NAMES Abrons, Stanley Howa
Page 431 and 432: Hubbert, M. King, 160 Humphreys, W.
Page 433 and 434: INDEX OF SUBJECTS Academy of Scienc
Page 435 and 436: continents, ancient (Brooks the- or
Page 437 and 438: Antarctica, asthenosphere, burst- i
Page 439 and 440: Greenland, amphibians INDEX OF SUBJ
Page 441 and 442: measurements of in Greenland, 381;
Page 443: ocean basins, origin unexplained, 1
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