The Earth's Shifting Crust by Charles Hapgood - wire of information

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426 beaches, on highlands, 224-25; on inland mountains, 142-43 bears, 262, 335 beaver, giant, 227, 262, 335; small, 262 "bipolar mirrorism," 327-29 birch, 65 bison, 233, 262; giant, 335 "Brady Interval" (retreat of Wisconsin icecap), 201 bursting stress on crust, 91, 92, 199, EARTH'S SHIFTING CRUST 345> 35* 37 8 > 3 8 4J compared with crushing point of basalt, 350; computed, 361; cal point now, 381 calamites, 62 Cambrian, 67 near criti- camel, extinct in North America, 2*27; in Pleistocene Alaska, 307- 8, 335 336 carbon dioxide gas, and Climatic Optimum, 209; causes general warming of climate, 208; and recession of icecap, 209; result- ing from volcanism, 207-8, 211 Carboniferous, 62, 66, 68, 72 caribou, 262 "Gary Advance" (of Wisconsin icecap), 201, 211, 272 centrifugal effect, i, 2, 158:, 374ff; calculated, 359-60; distinguished from Eotvos effect, 357; exist- ence questioned, 357, 365ff; this objection answered, 365-78; mechanism, Ch. XI passim; not exhausted in local crust defor- mations, 359; of anomalies, 172; of icecaps, 16-19, 1 59~^3, 172, igSff, 340, 356, 384; of triaxial deformation of earth, 184-85; still operative, 379-86; sufficient to fracture crust, 362 (and see fractures); tangential compo- nent, 341, Table III, 372. See also anomaly, displacement, Eotvos effect, icecap, isostasy, isostatic adjustment, uncompensated mass climate, Chs. II, III, VII, VIII, X; abrupt changes of, 15, 237-43; various explanations of these refuted, 60-61; these changes evidence for displacement, 78; and only explanation for frozen mammoths, 244; gradual changes, 77-78; this theory refuted, 78; measured by radioelement dating of pollen, 29off; in Siberia, 195, 234; unrelated to internal heat of earth, 118. See also cores, displacements, extinctions, ionium method, radioelement dating, volcanism "Climatic Optimum," 31, 54ff, 196, 201, 209, 255 climatic zones, evidence for displacements, 73; inconstant, 12, 70, and Ch. Ill, passim; mineral components, 72$ coal beds, 59, 62, 64, 310-11; as evidence for displacements, 71; rate of formation, 31 off "Cochrane Advance" (of Wisconsin icecap), 201, 216; local and minor, 202 coelacanth, 320 conifers, 65 "contemporaneity" of events within the same geological period, refuted, 38ff, 4 iff, 44, 45, 65-69, i28ff, 130, 131 continental drift, 14, 26-31, 75-77, *33> l8 3 *96> 372; refuted, 27, 28-30. See also Ma and Wegener in Index of Names continental shelf, 141, 142-44 "continental slope," 141
continents, ancient (Brooks theory), 137; building, related to volcanic islands and sedimenta- tion, 115; elevation and subsidence explained, 153-57 see a ^so ( sea level, elevation, displacement); invaded by epicontinental seas, 85, 140; this phenomenon quasi-periodic, 85; origin of, hitherto unexplained, 12, iggff; permanence alleged, 134-35, 298; refuted, 135!!, 139-48, 150^, 157, 298-300; shape correspondence, 28; strength of lithosphere at ocean bottoms, refuting "floating submergence, INDEX OF SUBJECTS 427 continents" idea, 28; as evidence for displacement of crust, 156-57; sunken, 137-45, 29gff, 326. See also land bridges cooling of earth, 82, no; adduced to explain isostatic anomalies, 182; to explain mountain building, 79-80; this theory refuted, 87-88; to explain universal tem- perate climate, 66-67; tn * s t ^ie" ory refuted, 67-69, and Chs. Ill, VII, IX passirrt coral, 62, 73^; evidence for placement, 75-77 (see also dis- Ma in Index of Names); seasonal variation in cells, 74; indicators of latitude, 73-74 cores, 50-51, 54, 55-56, 271, 277, 282, 284-87, 290-303, 305, 309. See also ionium method, radioelement dating crack in earth's crust, world-wide (Ewing canyons), 81, 109, no, 113, 385; consistent with force pulling Americas southward, 385; continuous earthquake activity along, 109, 385; related to displacement, past or impend- ing, no, 385; and volcanism, i*3 craters, 126 Cretaceous, 63, 68, 72, 75, 131, 309 crinoids, camariate, 334 crust, compression on, 100-2, 153, 1 75-7 6 383-84; crushing strength (compressive strength), 358; elasticity, 92, 101; folding, 80-90; hydrostatic balance, 99- 100; rapid warping, 216, 22226; resistance to fracture slight, 351; sinking under weight of sediments, refuted, 81-82 (see geosynclines); stretching, 9199, 153; structure, i5off; tensile strength, 100, 124, 175-76, 186, 200, 357-58, 391; thickness, 14, 123-24; variation in thickness, 124-25, 151-52. See also bursting stress, displacement, fractures, "mountain roots," nega- tive geography crustaceans, 73 cycle of climatic change, 21,000 years long, 309 Dawn Redwood, 320 deer, 262, 335 "denudation," area of, 163 "deposition," area of, 163 deserts, in all geological periods, 68; mainly in horse latitudes, 72 Devonian, 62, 66, 68-69, 75> 7 diastrophisms, diastrophic disturbances, 131, 312. See also displacements, mountain building diatoms, fresh-water, in mid-Atlantic, 299; evidence for land mass in that area, 299ff dinosaurs, 335; not degenerate, 336; extinction attributed to displacements, 336 displacements of crust, i, 2, 13-15, 2off,
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Earth's Shifting Crust A Key to Som
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to FRED, WILLIE, PRU, and MARY G.
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the Earth, 116; 9. Changing Sea Lev
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. I. The C
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FOREWORD by Albert Einstein I frequ
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AUTHOR'S NOTE: To the Layman and th
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When it comes time
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 correspondence, a
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9 lord Simpson, Maj
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INTRODUCTION 11 cists. The new idea
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INTRODUCTION 1$ the earth. They hav
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INTRODUCTION 15 time, a point near
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INTRODUCTION 1? eccentricity would,
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INTRODUCTION 19 first step must be
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INTRODUCTION 21 of displacement, to
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TABLE I The Geological Periods INTR
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 25 pos
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 2? lon
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PAST THEORIES OF FOLAR SHIFT 2Q gra
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PAST THEORIES OF BOLAR SHIFT gl of
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT gj the
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THEICEAGES 35 yet no theory is gene
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THEICEAGES 37 extended 1100 miles t
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THEICEAGES 39 conflict with basic p
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THE ICE AGES 41 or third region; bu
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THE ICE AGES 43 canic dust and carb
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THEICEAGES 45 years. To a geologist
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THEICEAGES 47 revelation that the l
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THEICEAGES 49 Recent geological lit
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THE ICE AGES 51 The period 133,000-
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THEICEAGES 53 bottom of the Ross Se
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THE ICE AGES 55 tween 6,000 and 4,0
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THE ICE AGES 57 e. It must solve th
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 59 can, however, b
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6l directions of o
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6j region: ' 'Larg
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Wallace describes the flora of the
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 67 in earlier ages
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 69 nian to the Eoc
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 71 Pauly cites ano
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 73 zones at the pr
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 75 tive tool with
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 77 Very possibly M
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IV : THE MOUNTAINS PART I. The Fold
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THE MOUNTAINS 8l Sierra Nevada Moun
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THE MOUNTAINS 8j the earth. The dou
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THE MOUNTAINS 87 ing. Joly attempte
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THE MOUNTAINS 91 ments and possibly
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THE MOUNTAINS 93 termine the precis
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THE MOUNTAINS 95 NORTH POLE POSITIO
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THEMOUNTAINS 97 see, fractures in a
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THEMOUNTAINS 99 would rise in the c
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THE MOUNTAINS 1O1 The amount of the
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THE MOUNTAINS There is still one de
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THE MOUNTAINS 105 The recognition w
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THE MOUNTAINS 107 displacement, and
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THE MOUNTAINS Europe was nowhere ne
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THE MOUNTAINS 111 PART II. Volcanis
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THE MOUNTAINS 11$ all the way from
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THE MOUNTAINS 117 of the earth. Sma
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THE MOUNTAINS to its present latitu
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ward by a shift of the whole crust,
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THE MOUNTAINS 12$ crust, and these
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THE MOUNTAINS 125 It follows that w
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In another place he says: THE MOUNT
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THE MOUNTAINS 12Q plete. It has bee
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THE MOUNTAINS 1J1 much more continu
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 1J3 avo
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 135 ref
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 137 dee
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 13 feel
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 141 It
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 143 and
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 145 one
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 147 reg
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 149 the
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 15! com
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 153 cha
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 155 Fig
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 157 It
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 159 ance and
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH l6l to yield
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 163 ment wit
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 165 ing gene
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 167 of water
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 169 as winte
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 171 the flow
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 173 the crus
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 175 lithosph
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 177 gravitat
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 179 distorti
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH l8l is a dev
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 183 supposes
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 185 justment
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 187 siderabl
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: his : rock It is not easy to reco
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 1Q1 I have n
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VII : NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE In
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE he could
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 1Q7 An ei
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE than is t
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2O1 gin o
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2OJ Assum
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 205 A spe
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE ago (242:
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2OQ think
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 211 facts
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE radiocarb
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 215 that
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 217 rebou
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE the meeti
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 221 varia
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 22J from
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 225 by th
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VIII : THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS When t
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 229 2. The Ma
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 231 tions fro
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS favorable cir
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS standing. The
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 237 it is not
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 239 perfect c
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 241 Siberian
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24$ "Lovelock
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 245 tinguishe
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 247 trict. .
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24Q mainly on
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 251 we would
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 253 enough du
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 255 following
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 257 this isn'
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 259 imbedded
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS g6l limestone
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 263 greater o
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 265 tected co
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 267 in which
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 269 be preser
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 271 are today
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 273
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SAND > POLLEN PERCENTAGE 10 20 30 4
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 2Q3
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST P-12
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 2Q7
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST teri
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 40 5
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST It a
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST Jll
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST the
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X : LIFE In the preceding chapters
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LIFE 317 an entirely accidental pro
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LIFE totally inconceivable unless i
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LIFE 321 to find the conditions the
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LIFE 323 to mean increased competit
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LIFE .325 lifted, the sea will with
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LIFE 327 continent of Asia, but als
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LIFE 329 reconsider it in terms of
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LIFE 331 could utilize it, but afte
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LIFE 333 species can be compared wi
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LIFE 335 the pre-Cambrian, and ther
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LIFE 337 If a species becomes extin
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LIFE 339 of crust displacement is q
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 341 will overc
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 343 examine wi
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 345 crust alon
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CAMPBELL S MECHANISM 347 NORTH POLE
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 349 wedge, whi
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CAMPBELLS MECHANISM 351 place to pl
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 353 ment sugge
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 355 near the e
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 357 more impro
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 359 itself, bu
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 361 being push
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 363 the earth,
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 365 considerab
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 367 tributes t
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 369 hoping tha
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 371 feet will
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 373 surface. A
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Page 387 and 388: XII : CONCLUSION i. Looking Forward
Page 389 and 390: CONCLUSION 381 sized by Brown, that
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Page 393 and 394: CONCLUSION 385 while to mention Ewi
Page 395 and 396: CONCLUSION 387 present time are dis
Page 397 and 398: CONCLUSION 389 Frazer, author of th
Page 399 and 400: Dear Mr. Hapgood, APPENDIX Princeto
Page 401 and 402: GLOSSARY ANOMALY, Positive: An exce
Page 403 and 404: GLOSSARY 395 suit from the adaptati
Page 405 and 406: BIBLIOGRAPHY 397 17. Bailey, Thomas
Page 407 and 408: BIBLIOGRAPHY 399 58. Bucher, Walter
Page 409 and 410: BIBLIOGRAPHY 4O1 98. Daly, R. A., O
Page 411 and 412: 136. Emiliani, Cesare, personal com
Page 413 and 414: BIBLIOGRAPHY 405 sonian Institution
Page 415 and 416: BIBLIOGRAPHY 407 *io. Hess, H. H.,
Page 417 and 418: BIBLIOGRAPHY 409 of the American As
Page 419 and 420: BIBLIOGRAPHY 411 The Shifting in Po
Page 421 and 422: BIBLIOGRAPHY 413 3i6a. Nddai, Arpad
Page 423 and 424: BIBLIOGRAPHY 415 354. Reid, Harry F
Page 425 and 426: BIBLIOGRAPHY 417 404. Stetson, H. C
Page 427 and 428: BIBLIOGRAPHY 419 438. Urey, Harold
Page 429 and 430: INDEX OF NAMES Abrons, Stanley Howa
Page 431 and 432: Hubbert, M. King, 160 Humphreys, W.
Page 433: INDEX OF SUBJECTS Academy of Scienc
Page 437 and 438: Antarctica, asthenosphere, burst- i
Page 439 and 440: Greenland, amphibians INDEX OF SUBJ
Page 441 and 442: measurements of in Greenland, 381;
Page 443 and 444: ocean basins, origin unexplained, 1
Page 445 and 446: selection pressure, mild, 318; stro
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