426 beaches, on highlands, 224-25; on inland mountains, 142-43 bears, 262, 335 beaver, giant, 227, 262, 335; small, 262 "bipolar mirrorism," 327-29 birch, 65 bison, 233, 262; giant, 335 "Brady Interval" (retreat <strong>of</strong> Wisconsin icecap), 201 bursting stress on crust, 91, 92, 199, EARTH'S SHIFTING CRUST 345> 35* 37 8 > 3 8 4J compared with crushing point <strong>of</strong> basalt, 350; computed, 361; cal point now, 381 calamites, 62 Cambrian, 67 near criti- camel, extinct in North America, 2*27; in Pleistocene Alaska, 307- 8, 335 336 carbon dioxide gas, and Climatic Optimum, 209; causes general warming <strong>of</strong> climate, 208; and recession <strong>of</strong> icecap, 209; result- ing from volcanism, 207-8, 211 Carboniferous, 62, 66, 68, 72 caribou, 262 "Gary Advance" (<strong>of</strong> Wisconsin ice- cap), 201, 211, 272 centrifugal effect, i, 2, 158:, 374ff; calculated, 359-60; distinguished from Eotvos effect, 357; exist- ence questioned, 357, 365ff; this objection answered, 365-78; mechanism, Ch. XI passim; not exhausted in local crust defor- mations, 359; <strong>of</strong> anomalies, 172; <strong>of</strong> icecaps, 16-19, 1 59~^3, 172, igSff, 340, 356, 384; <strong>of</strong> triaxial deformation <strong>of</strong> earth, 184-85; still operative, 379-86; sufficient to fracture crust, 362 (and see fractures); tangential compo- nent, 341, Table III, 372. See also anomaly, displacement, Eotvos effect, icecap, isostasy, isostatic adjustment, uncompensated mass climate, Chs. II, III, VII, VIII, X; abrupt changes <strong>of</strong>, 15, 237-43; various explanations <strong>of</strong> these re- futed, 60-61; these changes evidence for displacement, 78; and only explanation for frozen mammoths, 244; gradual changes, 77-78; this theory re- futed, 78; measured <strong>by</strong> radioelement dating <strong>of</strong> pollen, 29<strong>of</strong>f; in Siberia, 195, 234; unrelated to internal heat <strong>of</strong> earth, 118. See also cores, displacements, extinc- tions, ionium method, radioelement dating, volcanism "Climatic Optimum," 31, 54ff, 196, 201, 209, 255 climatic zones, evidence for dis- placements, 73; inconstant, 12, 70, and Ch. Ill, passim; mineral components, 72$ coal beds, 59, 62, 64, 310-11; as evidence for displacements, 71; rate <strong>of</strong> formation, 31 <strong>of</strong>f "Cochrane Advance" (<strong>of</strong> Wisconsin icecap), 201, 216; local and minor, 202 coelacanth, 320 conifers, 65 "contemporaneity" <strong>of</strong> events within the same geological period, refuted, 38ff, 4 iff, 44, 45, 65-69, i28ff, 130, 131 continental drift, 14, 26-31, 75-77, *33> l8 3 *96> 372; refuted, 27, 28-30. See also Ma and Wegener in Index <strong>of</strong> Names continental shelf, 141, 142-44 "continental slope," 141
continents, ancient (Brooks the- ory), 137; building, related to volcanic islands and sedimenta- tion, 115; elevation and subsidence explained, 153-57 see a ^so ( sea level, elevation, displace- ment); invaded <strong>by</strong> epicontinental seas, 85, 140; this phenomenon quasi-periodic, 85; origin <strong>of</strong>, hitherto unexplained, 12, iggff; permanence alleged, 134-35, 298; refuted, 135!!, 139-48, 150^, 157, 298-300; shape correspond- ence, 28; strength <strong>of</strong> lithosphere at ocean bottoms, refuting "floating submergence, INDEX OF SUBJECTS 427 continents" idea, 28; as evidence for displacement <strong>of</strong> crust, 156-57; sunken, 137-45, 29gff, 326. See also land bridges cooling <strong>of</strong> earth, 82, no; adduced to explain isostatic anomalies, 182; to explain mountain build- ing, 79-80; this theory refuted, 87-88; to explain universal tem- perate climate, 66-67; tn * s t ^ie" ory refuted, 67-69, and Chs. Ill, VII, IX passirrt coral, 62, 73^; evidence for placement, 75-77 (see also dis- Ma in Index <strong>of</strong> Names); seasonal variation in cells, 74; indicators <strong>of</strong> latitude, 73-74 cores, 50-51, 54, 55-56, 271, 277, 282, 284-87, 290-303, 305, 309. See also ionium method, radio- element dating crack in earth's crust, world-wide (Ewing canyons), 81, 109, no, 113, 385; consistent with force pulling Americas southward, 385; continuous earthquake activity along, 109, 385; related to displacement, past or impend- ing, no, 385; and volcanism, i*3 craters, 126 Cretaceous, 63, 68, 72, 75, 131, 309 crinoids, camariate, 334 crust, compression on, 100-2, 153, 1 75-7 6 383-84; crushing strength (compressive strength), 358; elasticity, 92, 101; folding, 80-90; hydrostatic balance, 99- 100; rapid warping, 216, 22226; resistance to fracture slight, 351; sinking under weight <strong>of</strong> sediments, refuted, 81-82 (see geosynclines); stretching, 9199, 153; structure, i5<strong>of</strong>f; tensile strength, 100, 124, 175-76, 186, 200, 357-58, 391; thickness, 14, 123-24; variation in thickness, 124-25, 151-52. See also burst- ing stress, displacement, frac- tures, "mountain roots," nega- tive geography crustaceans, 73 cycle <strong>of</strong> climatic change, 21,000 years long, 309 Dawn Redwood, 320 deer, 262, 335 "denudation," area <strong>of</strong>, 163 "deposition," area <strong>of</strong>, 163 deserts, in all geological periods, 68; mainly in horse latitudes, 72 Devonian, 62, 66, 68-69, 75> 7 diastrophisms, diastrophic disturbances, 131, 312. See also dis- placements, mountain building diatoms, fresh-water, in mid-Atlantic, 299; evidence for land mass in that area, 299ff dinosaurs, 335; not degenerate, 336; extinction attributed to displacements, 336 displacements <strong>of</strong> crust, i, 2, 13-15, 2<strong>of</strong>f,
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Earth's Shifting Crust A Key to Som
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to FRED, WILLIE, PRU, and MARY G.
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the Earth, 116; 9. Changing Sea Lev
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. I. The C
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FOREWORD by Albert Einstein I frequ
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AUTHOR'S NOTE: To the Layman and th
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When it comes time
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 correspondence, a
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9 lord Simpson, Maj
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INTRODUCTION 11 cists. The new idea
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INTRODUCTION 1$ the earth. They hav
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INTRODUCTION 15 time, a point near
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INTRODUCTION 1? eccentricity would,
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INTRODUCTION 19 first step must be
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INTRODUCTION 21 of displacement, to
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TABLE I The Geological Periods INTR
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 25 pos
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 2? lon
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PAST THEORIES OF FOLAR SHIFT 2Q gra
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PAST THEORIES OF BOLAR SHIFT gl of
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT gj the
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THEICEAGES 35 yet no theory is gene
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THEICEAGES 37 extended 1100 miles t
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THEICEAGES 39 conflict with basic p
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THE ICE AGES 41 or third region; bu
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THE ICE AGES 43 canic dust and carb
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THEICEAGES 45 years. To a geologist
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THEICEAGES 47 revelation that the l
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THEICEAGES 49 Recent geological lit
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THE ICE AGES 51 The period 133,000-
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THEICEAGES 53 bottom of the Ross Se
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THE ICE AGES 55 tween 6,000 and 4,0
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THE ICE AGES 57 e. It must solve th
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 59 can, however, b
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6l directions of o
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6j region: ' 'Larg
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Wallace describes the flora of the
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 67 in earlier ages
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 69 nian to the Eoc
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 71 Pauly cites ano
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 73 zones at the pr
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 75 tive tool with
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 77 Very possibly M
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IV : THE MOUNTAINS PART I. The Fold
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THE MOUNTAINS 8l Sierra Nevada Moun
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THE MOUNTAINS 8j the earth. The dou
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THE MOUNTAINS 87 ing. Joly attempte
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THE MOUNTAINS 91 ments and possibly
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THE MOUNTAINS 93 termine the precis
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THE MOUNTAINS 95 NORTH POLE POSITIO
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THEMOUNTAINS 97 see, fractures in a
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THEMOUNTAINS 99 would rise in the c
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THE MOUNTAINS 1O1 The amount of the
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THE MOUNTAINS 105 The recognition w
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THE MOUNTAINS 107 displacement, and
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THE MOUNTAINS 111 PART II. Volcanis
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THE MOUNTAINS 117 of the earth. Sma
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THE MOUNTAINS 12$ crust, and these
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THE MOUNTAINS 125 It follows that w
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In another place he says: THE MOUNT
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THE MOUNTAINS 1J1 much more continu
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 1J3 avo
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 163 ment wit
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 165 ing gene
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 271 are today
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SAND > POLLEN PERCENTAGE 10 20 30 4
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X : LIFE In the preceding chapters
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LIFE 317 an entirely accidental pro
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LIFE totally inconceivable unless i
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LIFE 321 to find the conditions the
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LIFE 323 to mean increased competit
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LIFE .325 lifted, the sea will with
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LIFE 327 continent of Asia, but als
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LIFE 329 reconsider it in terms of
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LIFE 331 could utilize it, but afte
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LIFE 333 species can be compared wi
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LIFE 335 the pre-Cambrian, and ther
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LIFE 337 If a species becomes extin
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LIFE 339 of crust displacement is q
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 341 will overc
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 345 crust alon
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CAMPBELL S MECHANISM 347 NORTH POLE
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 349 wedge, whi
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 353 ment sugge
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 359 itself, bu
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 363 the earth,
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- Page 429 and 430: INDEX OF NAMES Abrons, Stanley Howa
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