The Earth's Shifting Crust by Charles Hapgood - wire of information

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394 EARTH'S SHIFTING CRUST HYDROSTATIC: Pertaining to pressure and equilibrium of liquids. IGNEOUS ROCKS: Rocks which have cooled and solidified from a molten state. INSOLATION: Solar radiation received by the earth. The insolation curve represents the combined effects on mean world-wide temperatures of various astronomical factors, such as precession and varia- tions of the orbit of the earth about the sun. ISOSTASY: The definition is discussed in the text: Chapter VI. LITHOSPHERE: The outer shell of the planet. It is composed of rocks and the products derived from them by erosion, etc., such as gravels, soils, and the like. The crystalline, solid lithosphere is assumed to be between 20 and 40 miles thick. (Also called crust.) LOAD, Negative: A deficiency of matter at a given point on the crust; considered negative because it results in a pressure from within, as a result of the tendency to achieve hydrostatic balance. Positive: A local excess of mass. MAGMA: Molten rock material within the earth. When cooled and crystallized into solid form it yields the so-called igneous rocks (q.v.). MASS: A measure of the amount of matter in a body. MASS, Center of: Point at which the mass is assumed to be concen- trated; for computational purposes. METAMORPHIC: Altered; applied to rocks or rock strata that have been physically changed by heat or other means. MILLIGAL: A thickness of ten meters of granite; the effects (gravitational) produced by such mass. MUTATION: A sudden variation in the characteristics of a life form as compared to those of its progenitors. NEBULAR THEORY: A theory of the origin of the solar system, according to which a gaseous nebula coalesced and cooled to form centers which then further contracted to form the compacted planets. OOZE: A soft deep-sea deposit composed of shells, debris, meteoric dust, etc. Argillaceous ooze is a clayey type. PLANETESIMAL: A small, solid planetary body having an individual orbit about the sun. PLANETESIMAL HYPOTHESIS: A theory of the origin of the solar system supposing that the planets were formed by collision and coalescence of planetesimals and thus have never been wholly molten. PLICATION: Folding into layers or strata. PRECESSION: The wobbling of the axis of the earth, making the pole describe a circle as the planet spins. RADIATION, Adaptive: The production of a diversified fauna as the result of the availability of new ecological spaces. New faunas re-
GLOSSARY 395 suit from the adaptation of an original stock to the new environ- mental opportunities for living space. SIAL: Silicon-aluminum rocks. SIMA: Silicon-magnesium rocks. STRANDLINE: A line marking a fossil seashore. STRATIGRAPHIC: Pertaining to the arrangement of rock strata. TECTONIC: Pertaining to rock structures resulting from deformation of the crust. TURBIDITY CURRENTS: Submarine currents caused by slumping of deposits along continental margins. These currents carry sediments with them. UNCOMPENSATED WEIGHT: The weight of a crustal formation not isostatically adjusted. It thus constitutes a positive anomaly (q.v.). UNIAXIAL: The condition of having only one axis, as a sphere. VARVES: Annual deposits of sediment. These can be counted to determine annual shorelines of old lakes. VIRENZPERIOD: A period in the history of a life form in which it ex- periences an explosive evolution and proliferation. VISCOSITY: The quality of being able to yield to stress or of being able to flow; the measure of such a property.
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Earth's Shifting Crust A Key to Som
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to FRED, WILLIE, PRU, and MARY G.
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the Earth, 116; 9. Changing Sea Lev
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. I. The C
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FOREWORD by Albert Einstein I frequ
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AUTHOR'S NOTE: To the Layman and th
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When it comes time
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 correspondence, a
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9 lord Simpson, Maj
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INTRODUCTION 11 cists. The new idea
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INTRODUCTION 1$ the earth. They hav
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INTRODUCTION 15 time, a point near
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INTRODUCTION 1? eccentricity would,
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INTRODUCTION 19 first step must be
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INTRODUCTION 21 of displacement, to
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TABLE I The Geological Periods INTR
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 25 pos
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 2? lon
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PAST THEORIES OF FOLAR SHIFT 2Q gra
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PAST THEORIES OF BOLAR SHIFT gl of
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT gj the
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THEICEAGES 35 yet no theory is gene
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THEICEAGES 37 extended 1100 miles t
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THEICEAGES 39 conflict with basic p
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THE ICE AGES 41 or third region; bu
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THE ICE AGES 43 canic dust and carb
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THEICEAGES 45 years. To a geologist
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THEICEAGES 47 revelation that the l
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THEICEAGES 49 Recent geological lit
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THE ICE AGES 51 The period 133,000-
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THEICEAGES 53 bottom of the Ross Se
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THE ICE AGES 55 tween 6,000 and 4,0
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THE ICE AGES 57 e. It must solve th
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 59 can, however, b
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6l directions of o
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6j region: ' 'Larg
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Wallace describes the flora of the
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 67 in earlier ages
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 69 nian to the Eoc
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 71 Pauly cites ano
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 73 zones at the pr
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 75 tive tool with
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 77 Very possibly M
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IV : THE MOUNTAINS PART I. The Fold
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THE MOUNTAINS 8l Sierra Nevada Moun
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THE MOUNTAINS 8j the earth. The dou
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THE MOUNTAINS 87 ing. Joly attempte
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THE MOUNTAINS 91 ments and possibly
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THE MOUNTAINS 93 termine the precis
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THE MOUNTAINS 95 NORTH POLE POSITIO
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THEMOUNTAINS 97 see, fractures in a
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THEMOUNTAINS 99 would rise in the c
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THE MOUNTAINS 1O1 The amount of the
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THE MOUNTAINS There is still one de
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THE MOUNTAINS 105 The recognition w
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THE MOUNTAINS 107 displacement, and
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THE MOUNTAINS Europe was nowhere ne
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THE MOUNTAINS 111 PART II. Volcanis
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THE MOUNTAINS 11$ all the way from
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THE MOUNTAINS 117 of the earth. Sma
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THE MOUNTAINS to its present latitu
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ward by a shift of the whole crust,
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THE MOUNTAINS 12$ crust, and these
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THE MOUNTAINS 125 It follows that w
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In another place he says: THE MOUNT
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THE MOUNTAINS 12Q plete. It has bee
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THE MOUNTAINS 1J1 much more continu
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 1J3 avo
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 135 ref
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 137 dee
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 13 feel
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 141 It
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 143 and
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 145 one
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 147 reg
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 149 the
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 15! com
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 153 cha
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 155 Fig
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 157 It
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 159 ance and
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH l6l to yield
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 163 ment wit
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 165 ing gene
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 167 of water
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 169 as winte
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 171 the flow
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 173 the crus
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 175 lithosph
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 177 gravitat
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 179 distorti
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH l8l is a dev
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 183 supposes
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 185 justment
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 187 siderabl
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: his : rock It is not easy to reco
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 1Q1 I have n
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VII : NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE In
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE he could
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 1Q7 An ei
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE than is t
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2O1 gin o
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2OJ Assum
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 205 A spe
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE ago (242:
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2OQ think
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 211 facts
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE radiocarb
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 215 that
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 217 rebou
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE the meeti
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 221 varia
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 22J from
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 225 by th
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VIII : THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS When t
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 229 2. The Ma
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 231 tions fro
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS favorable cir
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS standing. The
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 237 it is not
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 239 perfect c
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 241 Siberian
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24$ "Lovelock
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 245 tinguishe
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 247 trict. .
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24Q mainly on
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 251 we would
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 253 enough du
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 255 following
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 257 this isn'
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 259 imbedded
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS g6l limestone
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 263 greater o
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 265 tected co
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 267 in which
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 269 be preser
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 271 are today
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 273
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SAND > POLLEN PERCENTAGE 10 20 30 4
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 2Q3
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST P-12
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 2Q7
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST teri
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 40 5
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST It a
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST Jll
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST the
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X : LIFE In the preceding chapters
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LIFE 317 an entirely accidental pro
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LIFE totally inconceivable unless i
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LIFE 321 to find the conditions the
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LIFE 323 to mean increased competit
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LIFE .325 lifted, the sea will with
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LIFE 327 continent of Asia, but als
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LIFE 329 reconsider it in terms of
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LIFE 331 could utilize it, but afte
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LIFE 333 species can be compared wi
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LIFE 335 the pre-Cambrian, and ther
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LIFE 337 If a species becomes extin
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LIFE 339 of crust displacement is q
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 341 will overc
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Page 355 and 356: CAMPBELL S MECHANISM 347 NORTH POLE
Page 357 and 358: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 349 wedge, whi
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Page 377 and 378: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 369 hoping tha
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Page 387 and 388: XII : CONCLUSION i. Looking Forward
Page 389 and 390: CONCLUSION 381 sized by Brown, that
Page 391 and 392: CONCLUSION 383 the progressive weak
Page 393 and 394: CONCLUSION 385 while to mention Ewi
Page 395 and 396: CONCLUSION 387 present time are dis
Page 397 and 398: CONCLUSION 389 Frazer, author of th
Page 399 and 400: Dear Mr. Hapgood, APPENDIX Princeto
Page 401: GLOSSARY ANOMALY, Positive: An exce
Page 405 and 406: BIBLIOGRAPHY 397 17. Bailey, Thomas
Page 407 and 408: BIBLIOGRAPHY 399 58. Bucher, Walter
Page 409 and 410: BIBLIOGRAPHY 4O1 98. Daly, R. A., O
Page 411 and 412: 136. Emiliani, Cesare, personal com
Page 413 and 414: BIBLIOGRAPHY 405 sonian Institution
Page 415 and 416: BIBLIOGRAPHY 407 *io. Hess, H. H.,
Page 417 and 418: BIBLIOGRAPHY 409 of the American As
Page 419 and 420: BIBLIOGRAPHY 411 The Shifting in Po
Page 421 and 422: BIBLIOGRAPHY 413 3i6a. Nddai, Arpad
Page 423 and 424: BIBLIOGRAPHY 415 354. Reid, Harry F
Page 425 and 426: BIBLIOGRAPHY 417 404. Stetson, H. C
Page 427 and 428: BIBLIOGRAPHY 419 438. Urey, Harold
Page 429 and 430: INDEX OF NAMES Abrons, Stanley Howa
Page 431 and 432: Hubbert, M. King, 160 Humphreys, W.
Page 433 and 434: INDEX OF SUBJECTS Academy of Scienc
Page 435 and 436: continents, ancient (Brooks the- or
Page 437 and 438: Antarctica, asthenosphere, burst- i
Page 439 and 440: Greenland, amphibians INDEX OF SUBJ
Page 441 and 442: measurements of in Greenland, 381;
Page 443 and 444: ocean basins, origin unexplained, 1
Page 445 and 446: selection pressure, mild, 318; stro
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