The Earth's Shifting Crust by Charles Hapgood - wire of information

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CONVENTIONAL TYPE OF WEDGE: CROSS SECTION OF EARTH AT 96 Fig. XV. The Wedge Effect EARTH'S SHIFTING CRUST P PRESSURE OF ICECAP 7.5 I o'* SHORT TON8 ' b - DEPTH OF WEDGE Q pwesauRt AGAINST LITHOSPHCRE 6.0 MILK* A.73IO 4MORT TONS the earth are accounted for by differences in the thicknesses of the layers underlying the crust, and the bulge itself repre- sents added matter in the subcrustal layers in the equatorial regions. The bulge, viewed in this way as lying beneath the crust appeared to form two wedges against which the crust had to be displaced by the centrifugal thrust of the icecap. Camp bell reached the conclusion that to estimate the bursting stress produced on the crust in the equatorial region, il would be necessary to apply the mechanical principle of the
CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 349 wedge, which has the effect of multiplying the effect of an applied force. This principle is usually given as follows: The wedge is a pair of inclined planes united by their bases. In the application of pressure to the head or butt end of the wedge, to cause it to penetrate a resisting body, the applied force is to the resistance as the thickness of the wedge is to its length (249:512). This statement means that a wedge multiplies the splitting power (or bursting stress) produced by an applied force in the proportion of the length of the wedge to its thickness at the butt end. Figure XV shows the application of this principle to the earth. The formula for calculating the wedge effect is presented at the extreme left, where P = pressure (as thrust of the icecap transmitted to the crust), Q = the mutual pressure between crust and bulge, or bursting stress, h = the height (that is, the length) of the wedge, and b = the base or butt end. The bursting stress equals the pressure applied to the butt and multiplied by the ratio of the thickness of the butt end to the length of the wedge. The length of the wedge, in this case, is about 6,000 miles, and its thickness at the butt end is 6.67 miles, so that the ratio is about 1,000:1, and the quantity of the thrust of the icecap should consequently be multiplied by 1,000; however, there are two wedges, one on each side of the earth, and therefore the thrust is multiplied only 500 times. Nevertheless, the significance of such a multi- is self-evident. plication of the effect of the icecap It was not a simple matter to apply the principle of the wedge to the earth. As in the case of the principle of the parallelogram, the formula could not simply be copied from a textbook; it had to be imaginatively applied. For example, in the diagram P, or is pressure, shown exerted on the butt end, like a sledge hammer hitting the butt end of a wedge to split a log. But obviously, the thrust of the icecap is not, in the first instance, applied in this way. It takes an act of the to realize that in effect it amounts to the same imagination thing. The icecap is really pushing or pulling the crust toward the equator on both sides of the earth, but the matter
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Earth's Shifting Crust A Key to Som
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to FRED, WILLIE, PRU, and MARY G.
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the Earth, 116; 9. Changing Sea Lev
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. I. The C
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FOREWORD by Albert Einstein I frequ
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AUTHOR'S NOTE: To the Layman and th
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When it comes time
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 correspondence, a
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9 lord Simpson, Maj
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INTRODUCTION 11 cists. The new idea
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INTRODUCTION 1$ the earth. They hav
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INTRODUCTION 15 time, a point near
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INTRODUCTION 1? eccentricity would,
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INTRODUCTION 19 first step must be
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INTRODUCTION 21 of displacement, to
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TABLE I The Geological Periods INTR
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 25 pos
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 2? lon
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PAST THEORIES OF FOLAR SHIFT 2Q gra
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PAST THEORIES OF BOLAR SHIFT gl of
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT gj the
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THEICEAGES 35 yet no theory is gene
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THEICEAGES 37 extended 1100 miles t
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THEICEAGES 39 conflict with basic p
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THE ICE AGES 41 or third region; bu
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THE ICE AGES 43 canic dust and carb
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THEICEAGES 45 years. To a geologist
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THEICEAGES 47 revelation that the l
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THEICEAGES 49 Recent geological lit
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THE ICE AGES 51 The period 133,000-
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THEICEAGES 53 bottom of the Ross Se
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THE ICE AGES 55 tween 6,000 and 4,0
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THE ICE AGES 57 e. It must solve th
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 59 can, however, b
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6l directions of o
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6j region: ' 'Larg
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Wallace describes the flora of the
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 67 in earlier ages
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 69 nian to the Eoc
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 71 Pauly cites ano
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 73 zones at the pr
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 75 tive tool with
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 77 Very possibly M
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IV : THE MOUNTAINS PART I. The Fold
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THE MOUNTAINS 8l Sierra Nevada Moun
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THE MOUNTAINS 8j the earth. The dou
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THE MOUNTAINS 87 ing. Joly attempte
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THE MOUNTAINS 91 ments and possibly
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THE MOUNTAINS 93 termine the precis
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THE MOUNTAINS 95 NORTH POLE POSITIO
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THEMOUNTAINS 97 see, fractures in a
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THEMOUNTAINS 99 would rise in the c
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THE MOUNTAINS 1O1 The amount of the
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THE MOUNTAINS There is still one de
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THE MOUNTAINS 105 The recognition w
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THE MOUNTAINS 107 displacement, and
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THE MOUNTAINS Europe was nowhere ne
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THE MOUNTAINS 111 PART II. Volcanis
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THE MOUNTAINS 11$ all the way from
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THE MOUNTAINS 117 of the earth. Sma
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THE MOUNTAINS to its present latitu
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ward by a shift of the whole crust,
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THE MOUNTAINS 12$ crust, and these
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THE MOUNTAINS 125 It follows that w
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In another place he says: THE MOUNT
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THE MOUNTAINS 12Q plete. It has bee
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THE MOUNTAINS 1J1 much more continu
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 1J3 avo
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 135 ref
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 137 dee
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 13 feel
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 141 It
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 143 and
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 145 one
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 147 reg
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 149 the
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 15! com
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 153 cha
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 155 Fig
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 157 It
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 159 ance and
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH l6l to yield
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 163 ment wit
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 165 ing gene
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 167 of water
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 169 as winte
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 171 the flow
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 173 the crus
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 175 lithosph
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 177 gravitat
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 179 distorti
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH l8l is a dev
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 183 supposes
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 185 justment
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 187 siderabl
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: his : rock It is not easy to reco
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 1Q1 I have n
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VII : NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE In
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE he could
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 1Q7 An ei
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE than is t
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2O1 gin o
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2OJ Assum
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 205 A spe
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE ago (242:
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2OQ think
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 211 facts
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE radiocarb
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 215 that
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 217 rebou
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE the meeti
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 221 varia
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 22J from
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 225 by th
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VIII : THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS When t
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 229 2. The Ma
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 231 tions fro
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS favorable cir
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS standing. The
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 237 it is not
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 239 perfect c
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 241 Siberian
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24$ "Lovelock
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 245 tinguishe
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 247 trict. .
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24Q mainly on
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 251 we would
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 253 enough du
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 255 following
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 257 this isn'
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 259 imbedded
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS g6l limestone
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 263 greater o
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 265 tected co
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 267 in which
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 269 be preser
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 271 are today
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 273
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SAND > POLLEN PERCENTAGE 10 20 30 4
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 2Q3
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST P-12
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Page 307 and 308: EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST teri
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Page 323 and 324: X : LIFE In the preceding chapters
Page 325 and 326: LIFE 317 an entirely accidental pro
Page 327 and 328: LIFE totally inconceivable unless i
Page 329 and 330: LIFE 321 to find the conditions the
Page 331 and 332: LIFE 323 to mean increased competit
Page 333 and 334: LIFE .325 lifted, the sea will with
Page 335 and 336: LIFE 327 continent of Asia, but als
Page 337 and 338: LIFE 329 reconsider it in terms of
Page 339 and 340: LIFE 331 could utilize it, but afte
Page 341 and 342: LIFE 333 species can be compared wi
Page 343 and 344: LIFE 335 the pre-Cambrian, and ther
Page 345 and 346: LIFE 337 If a species becomes extin
Page 347 and 348: LIFE 339 of crust displacement is q
Page 349 and 350: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 341 will overc
Page 351 and 352: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 343 examine wi
Page 353 and 354: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 345 crust alon
Page 355: CAMPBELL S MECHANISM 347 NORTH POLE
Page 359 and 360: CAMPBELLS MECHANISM 351 place to pl
Page 361 and 362: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 353 ment sugge
Page 363 and 364: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 355 near the e
Page 365 and 366: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 357 more impro
Page 367 and 368: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 359 itself, bu
Page 369 and 370: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 361 being push
Page 371 and 372: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 363 the earth,
Page 373 and 374: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 365 considerab
Page 375 and 376: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 367 tributes t
Page 377 and 378: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 369 hoping tha
Page 379 and 380: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 371 feet will
Page 381 and 382: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 373 surface. A
Page 383 and 384: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 375 as a resul
Page 385 and 386: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 377 termined b
Page 387 and 388: XII : CONCLUSION i. Looking Forward
Page 389 and 390: CONCLUSION 381 sized by Brown, that
Page 391 and 392: CONCLUSION 383 the progressive weak
Page 393 and 394: CONCLUSION 385 while to mention Ewi
Page 395 and 396: CONCLUSION 387 present time are dis
Page 397 and 398: CONCLUSION 389 Frazer, author of th
Page 399 and 400: Dear Mr. Hapgood, APPENDIX Princeto
Page 401 and 402: GLOSSARY ANOMALY, Positive: An exce
Page 403 and 404: GLOSSARY 395 suit from the adaptati
Page 405 and 406: BIBLIOGRAPHY 397 17. Bailey, Thomas
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 399 58. Bucher, Walter
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 4O1 98. Daly, R. A., O
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136. Emiliani, Cesare, personal com
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 405 sonian Institution
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 407 *io. Hess, H. H.,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 409 of the American As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 411 The Shifting in Po
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 413 3i6a. Nddai, Arpad
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 415 354. Reid, Harry F
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 417 404. Stetson, H. C
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 419 438. Urey, Harold
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INDEX OF NAMES Abrons, Stanley Howa
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Hubbert, M. King, 160 Humphreys, W.
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INDEX OF SUBJECTS Academy of Scienc
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continents, ancient (Brooks the- or
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Antarctica, asthenosphere, burst- i
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Greenland, amphibians INDEX OF SUBJ
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measurements of in Greenland, 381;
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ocean basins, origin unexplained, 1
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selection pressure, mild, 318; stro
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