The Earth's Shifting Crust by Charles Hapgood - wire of information

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i8 EARTH S SHIFTING CRUST wobble. I saw, on looking at the map, what seemed to me a much greater eccentricity. It was obvious that the South Pole was not at all in the center of the continent. This being so, then the icecap, which covers virtually all the continent, could not be centered at the pole. It seemed to me that the 90*WEST FROM GREENWICH 96' 90 % EAST FROM GREENWICH Fig. I. The Centrifugal Effect of the Antarctic Icecap To visualize the centrifugal effect that may be caused by the Antarctic icecap, the reader should imagine the map of Antarctica actually rotating. The continent of Antarctica makes one complete rotation every
INTRODUCTION 19 first step must be to locate the geographical center of mass of the Antarctic icecap, and then to apply the standard formula used in mechanics to determine the centrifugal effect. I asked my friend, Errol Buker, of the Springfield College faculty, to locate the geographical center. He and later Mr. Campbell each separately solved the problem, and obtained closely similar results. It appeared that the center was between 300 and 345 miles from the pole, allowing a margin of error for the uncertainties involved in the present state of Antarctic exploration. This, of course, involved a centrifugal effect thousands of times greater than that which could be derived from Brown's assumptions. On this basis Buker calcu- lated the centrifugal effect, and the calculation was later re- vised by Campbell (Chapter XI). The calculation applied to the present Antarctic icecap only. The ice around the North Pole could be disregarded because, except for the Greenland cap, it is merely a thin shell of floating ice. The presence of the Arctic Ocean prevents any thick accumulation of ice. twenty-four hours with the rotation of the earth, and this is what causes the centrifugal effect. The point at the intersection of the two meridians is the South Pole. This is one end of the axis on which the earth rotates. The small circle drawn about this is point shown passing through an off-center point about five degrees (or 345 miles) from the pole. This point is, so far as we can now estimate, the geographical center of mass of the icecap, which does not coincide with the South Pole because of the asymmetric shape of the continent. The two larger circles, one drawn about the pole as a center and one drawn about the icecap's eccentrically located center of mass, are a me- chanical convention used by engineers to illustrate the centrifugal effects of off-center rotation. If the map is visualized as rotating, the inner circle drawn about the pole represents the earth in stable rotation, while the outer circle, drawn about the center of the icecap, is undergoing violent eccentric gyration. The eccentricity results in an outward centrifugal "throw" in the direction of the meridian of 96 E. Long. The two arrows show how the force of the earth's rotation is transformed into a centrifugal effect at right angles to trie earth's axis, an effect proportional to the weight of the ice and the distance of its center of mass from the axis.
Page 1 and 2: PAGES MISSING WITHIN THE BOOK ONLY
Page 7 and 8: Earth's Shifting Crust A Key to Som
Page 9 and 10: to FRED, WILLIE, PRU, and MARY G.
Page 11 and 12: the Earth, 116; 9. Changing Sea Lev
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. I. The C
Page 15 and 16: FOREWORD by Albert Einstein I frequ
Page 17 and 18: AUTHOR'S NOTE: To the Layman and th
Page 19 and 20: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When it comes time
Page 21 and 22: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 correspondence, a
Page 23 and 24: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9 lord Simpson, Maj
Page 25 and 26: INTRODUCTION 11 cists. The new idea
Page 27 and 28: INTRODUCTION 1$ the earth. They hav
Page 29 and 30: INTRODUCTION 15 time, a point near
Page 31: INTRODUCTION 1? eccentricity would,
Page 35 and 36: INTRODUCTION 21 of displacement, to
Page 37 and 38: TABLE I The Geological Periods INTR
Page 39 and 40: PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 25 pos
Page 41 and 42: PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 2? lon
Page 43 and 44: PAST THEORIES OF FOLAR SHIFT 2Q gra
Page 45 and 46: PAST THEORIES OF BOLAR SHIFT gl of
Page 47 and 48: PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT gj the
Page 49 and 50: THEICEAGES 35 yet no theory is gene
Page 51 and 52: THEICEAGES 37 extended 1100 miles t
Page 53 and 54: THEICEAGES 39 conflict with basic p
Page 55 and 56: THE ICE AGES 41 or third region; bu
Page 57 and 58: THE ICE AGES 43 canic dust and carb
Page 59 and 60: THEICEAGES 45 years. To a geologist
Page 61 and 62: THEICEAGES 47 revelation that the l
Page 63 and 64: THEICEAGES 49 Recent geological lit
Page 65 and 66: THE ICE AGES 51 The period 133,000-
Page 67 and 68: THEICEAGES 53 bottom of the Ross Se
Page 69 and 70: THE ICE AGES 55 tween 6,000 and 4,0
Page 71 and 72: THE ICE AGES 57 e. It must solve th
Page 73 and 74: ANCIENT CLIMATES 59 can, however, b
Page 75 and 76: ANCIENT CLIMATES 6l directions of o
Page 77 and 78: ANCIENT CLIMATES 6j region: ' 'Larg
Page 79 and 80: Wallace describes the flora of the
Page 81 and 82: ANCIENT CLIMATES 67 in earlier ages
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 69 nian to the Eoc
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 71 Pauly cites ano
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 73 zones at the pr
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 75 tive tool with
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 77 Very possibly M
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IV : THE MOUNTAINS PART I. The Fold
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THE MOUNTAINS 8l Sierra Nevada Moun
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THE MOUNTAINS 8j the earth. The dou
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THE MOUNTAINS 87 ing. Joly attempte
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THE MOUNTAINS 91 ments and possibly
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THE MOUNTAINS 93 termine the precis
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THE MOUNTAINS 95 NORTH POLE POSITIO
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THEMOUNTAINS 97 see, fractures in a
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THEMOUNTAINS 99 would rise in the c
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THE MOUNTAINS 1O1 The amount of the
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THE MOUNTAINS There is still one de
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THE MOUNTAINS 105 The recognition w
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THE MOUNTAINS 107 displacement, and
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THE MOUNTAINS Europe was nowhere ne
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THE MOUNTAINS 111 PART II. Volcanis
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THE MOUNTAINS 11$ all the way from
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THE MOUNTAINS 117 of the earth. Sma
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THE MOUNTAINS to its present latitu
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ward by a shift of the whole crust,
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THE MOUNTAINS 12$ crust, and these
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THE MOUNTAINS 125 It follows that w
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In another place he says: THE MOUNT
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THE MOUNTAINS 12Q plete. It has bee
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THE MOUNTAINS 1J1 much more continu
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 1J3 avo
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 135 ref
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 137 dee
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 13 feel
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 141 It
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 143 and
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 145 one
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 147 reg
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 149 the
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 15! com
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 153 cha
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 155 Fig
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 157 It
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 159 ance and
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH l6l to yield
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 163 ment wit
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 165 ing gene
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 167 of water
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 169 as winte
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 171 the flow
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 173 the crus
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 175 lithosph
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 177 gravitat
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 179 distorti
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH l8l is a dev
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 183 supposes
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 185 justment
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 187 siderabl
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: his : rock It is not easy to reco
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 1Q1 I have n
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VII : NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE In
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE he could
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 1Q7 An ei
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE than is t
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2O1 gin o
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2OJ Assum
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 205 A spe
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE ago (242:
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2OQ think
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 211 facts
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE radiocarb
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 215 that
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 217 rebou
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE the meeti
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 221 varia
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 22J from
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 225 by th
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VIII : THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS When t
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 229 2. The Ma
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 231 tions fro
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS favorable cir
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS standing. The
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 237 it is not
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 239 perfect c
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 241 Siberian
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24$ "Lovelock
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 245 tinguishe
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 247 trict. .
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24Q mainly on
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 251 we would
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 253 enough du
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 255 following
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 257 this isn'
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 259 imbedded
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS g6l limestone
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 263 greater o
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 265 tected co
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 267 in which
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 269 be preser
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 271 are today
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 273
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SAND > POLLEN PERCENTAGE 10 20 30 4
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 2Q3
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST P-12
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 2Q7
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST teri
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 40 5
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST It a
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST Jll
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST the
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X : LIFE In the preceding chapters
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LIFE 317 an entirely accidental pro
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LIFE totally inconceivable unless i
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LIFE 321 to find the conditions the
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LIFE 323 to mean increased competit
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LIFE .325 lifted, the sea will with
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LIFE 327 continent of Asia, but als
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LIFE 329 reconsider it in terms of
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LIFE 331 could utilize it, but afte
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LIFE 333 species can be compared wi
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LIFE 335 the pre-Cambrian, and ther
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LIFE 337 If a species becomes extin
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LIFE 339 of crust displacement is q
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 341 will overc
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 343 examine wi
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 345 crust alon
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CAMPBELL S MECHANISM 347 NORTH POLE
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 349 wedge, whi
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CAMPBELLS MECHANISM 351 place to pl
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 353 ment sugge
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 355 near the e
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 357 more impro
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 359 itself, bu
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 361 being push
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 363 the earth,
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 365 considerab
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 367 tributes t
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 369 hoping tha
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 371 feet will
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 373 surface. A
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 375 as a resul
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 377 termined b
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XII : CONCLUSION i. Looking Forward
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CONCLUSION 381 sized by Brown, that
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CONCLUSION 383 the progressive weak
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CONCLUSION 385 while to mention Ewi
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CONCLUSION 387 present time are dis
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CONCLUSION 389 Frazer, author of th
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Dear Mr. Hapgood, APPENDIX Princeto
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GLOSSARY ANOMALY, Positive: An exce
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GLOSSARY 395 suit from the adaptati
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 397 17. Bailey, Thomas
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 399 58. Bucher, Walter
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 4O1 98. Daly, R. A., O
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136. Emiliani, Cesare, personal com
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 405 sonian Institution
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 407 *io. Hess, H. H.,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 409 of the American As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 411 The Shifting in Po
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 413 3i6a. Nddai, Arpad
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 415 354. Reid, Harry F
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 417 404. Stetson, H. C
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 419 438. Urey, Harold
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INDEX OF NAMES Abrons, Stanley Howa
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Hubbert, M. King, 160 Humphreys, W.
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INDEX OF SUBJECTS Academy of Scienc
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continents, ancient (Brooks the- or
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Antarctica, asthenosphere, burst- i
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Greenland, amphibians INDEX OF SUBJ
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measurements of in Greenland, 381;
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ocean basins, origin unexplained, 1
Page 445 and 446:
selection pressure, mild, 318; stro
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