The Earth's Shifting Crust by Charles Hapgood - wire of information

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294 EARTH'S SHIFTING CRUST the United States Geological Survey. They were also studied by Dr. Cesare Emiliani, who used a technique developed by Dr. Harold C. Urey for determining ancient water temperatures. This technique makes use of an isotope of oxygen (Oi 8 ) the proportion of which in sea water is affected by temperature. The temperature of the water at which ancient shells grew (or, in this case, at which foraminiferal micro- organisms grew) can be determined by the proportion of Ois in the remains. This determination is independent of time, and the temperature at which a shell grew 200,000,000 years ago (but not the date) can be determined just as well as if the shell grew last year. Emiliani used this technique to establish temperature curves for the sedimentary cores for the period within the range of radiocarbon. Then, using this as a base, he extrapolated to the older parts of the cores. There is reasonably good agreement between temperature curves arrived at in this way and those obtained by the ionium method. Of the three cores taken from the North Atlantic and dated by the ionium method, one extends back to only 1 1,800 years ago, one to 24,300, and one to 72,500. The longest core will have the greatest interest for us (Figure IX). Core P- 12 6(5) was taken in mid-Atlantic, approximately at the latitude of Nova Scotia, in about three miles of water. Since it extends back to 72,500 years ago, it should be able to throw some light on the question of our assumed polar positions, including the Alaskan. The story of this core, as we recede into the past, is as follows: There is first a layer of volcanic glass shards, dated about 12,800 years ago, then a layer of nonglacial sediment, then glacial sediment from 14,700 to 23,700 years ago, then nonglacial sediment but with evidence of cold water, back to 60,700 years ago. This period of cold water is interrupted by three brief intervals of glacial deposition, by two layers of confused ("anomalous") sediments, and by a layer of volcanic glass shards between 51,400 and 55,400 years ago. Then, between 60,700 and 68,000 years ago, the North Atlantic water
EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST P-124 C3) P-126 (5) 300 800 NAUTICAL MILES P-130 (9) Fig. IX. Chronology of Sediments in the North Atlantic Cores P- 124(3), P-i*6(5 ), P-iso(9) gets warmer, until it becomes definitely warmer than it is today. The warm period continues to the bottom of the core. This core raises some enormously interesting questions. In the first place, it indicates very cold conditions, much colder than the present, in the North Atlantic back to about 62,000 years ago, and we must ask, How can this be reconciled with the indications of a climate like the present on the San Augustin Plains for the same period? We shall see that the other cores, from the Caribbean and the Equatorial Atlantic, will intensify this contradiction, for they confirm the cold climate in the Atlantic. These cores constitute evidence for a pole in the Greenland region.
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PAGES MISSING WITHIN THE BOOK ONLY
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Earth's Shifting Crust A Key to Som
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to FRED, WILLIE, PRU, and MARY G.
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the Earth, 116; 9. Changing Sea Lev
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. I. The C
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FOREWORD by Albert Einstein I frequ
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AUTHOR'S NOTE: To the Layman and th
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When it comes time
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 correspondence, a
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9 lord Simpson, Maj
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INTRODUCTION 11 cists. The new idea
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INTRODUCTION 1$ the earth. They hav
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INTRODUCTION 15 time, a point near
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INTRODUCTION 1? eccentricity would,
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INTRODUCTION 19 first step must be
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INTRODUCTION 21 of displacement, to
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TABLE I The Geological Periods INTR
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 25 pos
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 2? lon
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PAST THEORIES OF FOLAR SHIFT 2Q gra
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PAST THEORIES OF BOLAR SHIFT gl of
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT gj the
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THEICEAGES 35 yet no theory is gene
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THEICEAGES 37 extended 1100 miles t
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THEICEAGES 39 conflict with basic p
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THE ICE AGES 41 or third region; bu
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THE ICE AGES 43 canic dust and carb
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THEICEAGES 45 years. To a geologist
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THEICEAGES 47 revelation that the l
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THEICEAGES 49 Recent geological lit
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THE ICE AGES 51 The period 133,000-
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THEICEAGES 53 bottom of the Ross Se
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THE ICE AGES 55 tween 6,000 and 4,0
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THE ICE AGES 57 e. It must solve th
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 59 can, however, b
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6l directions of o
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6j region: ' 'Larg
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Wallace describes the flora of the
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 67 in earlier ages
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 69 nian to the Eoc
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 71 Pauly cites ano
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 73 zones at the pr
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 75 tive tool with
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 77 Very possibly M
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IV : THE MOUNTAINS PART I. The Fold
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THE MOUNTAINS 8l Sierra Nevada Moun
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THE MOUNTAINS 8j the earth. The dou
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THE MOUNTAINS 87 ing. Joly attempte
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THE MOUNTAINS 91 ments and possibly
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THE MOUNTAINS 93 termine the precis
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THE MOUNTAINS 95 NORTH POLE POSITIO
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THEMOUNTAINS 97 see, fractures in a
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THEMOUNTAINS 99 would rise in the c
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THE MOUNTAINS 1O1 The amount of the
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THE MOUNTAINS There is still one de
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THE MOUNTAINS 105 The recognition w
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THE MOUNTAINS 107 displacement, and
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THE MOUNTAINS Europe was nowhere ne
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THE MOUNTAINS 111 PART II. Volcanis
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THE MOUNTAINS 11$ all the way from
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THE MOUNTAINS 117 of the earth. Sma
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THE MOUNTAINS to its present latitu
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ward by a shift of the whole crust,
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THE MOUNTAINS 12$ crust, and these
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THE MOUNTAINS 125 It follows that w
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In another place he says: THE MOUNT
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THE MOUNTAINS 12Q plete. It has bee
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THE MOUNTAINS 1J1 much more continu
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 1J3 avo
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 135 ref
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 137 dee
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 13 feel
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 141 It
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 143 and
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 145 one
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 147 reg
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 149 the
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 15! com
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 153 cha
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 155 Fig
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 157 It
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 159 ance and
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH l6l to yield
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 163 ment wit
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 165 ing gene
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 167 of water
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 169 as winte
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 171 the flow
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 173 the crus
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 175 lithosph
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 177 gravitat
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 179 distorti
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH l8l is a dev
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 183 supposes
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 185 justment
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 187 siderabl
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: his : rock It is not easy to reco
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 1Q1 I have n
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VII : NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE In
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE he could
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 1Q7 An ei
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE than is t
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2O1 gin o
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2OJ Assum
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 205 A spe
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE ago (242:
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2OQ think
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 211 facts
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE radiocarb
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 215 that
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 217 rebou
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE the meeti
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 221 varia
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 22J from
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 225 by th
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VIII : THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS When t
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 229 2. The Ma
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 231 tions fro
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS favorable cir
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS standing. The
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 237 it is not
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 239 perfect c
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 241 Siberian
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Page 255 and 256: THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 247 trict. .
Page 257 and 258: THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24Q mainly on
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Page 261 and 262: THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 253 enough du
Page 263 and 264: THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 255 following
Page 265 and 266: THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 257 this isn'
Page 267 and 268: THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 259 imbedded
Page 269 and 270: THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS g6l limestone
Page 271 and 272: THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 263 greater o
Page 273 and 274: THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 265 tected co
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Page 277 and 278: THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 269 be preser
Page 279 and 280: THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 271 are today
Page 281 and 282: EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 273
Page 299 and 300: SAND > POLLEN PERCENTAGE 10 20 30 4
Page 301: EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 2Q3
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Page 307 and 308: EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST teri
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Page 311 and 312: EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST It a
Page 319 and 320: EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST Jll
Page 321 and 322: EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST the
Page 323 and 324: X : LIFE In the preceding chapters
Page 325 and 326: LIFE 317 an entirely accidental pro
Page 327 and 328: LIFE totally inconceivable unless i
Page 329 and 330: LIFE 321 to find the conditions the
Page 331 and 332: LIFE 323 to mean increased competit
Page 333 and 334: LIFE .325 lifted, the sea will with
Page 335 and 336: LIFE 327 continent of Asia, but als
Page 337 and 338: LIFE 329 reconsider it in terms of
Page 339 and 340: LIFE 331 could utilize it, but afte
Page 341 and 342: LIFE 333 species can be compared wi
Page 343 and 344: LIFE 335 the pre-Cambrian, and ther
Page 345 and 346: LIFE 337 If a species becomes extin
Page 347 and 348: LIFE 339 of crust displacement is q
Page 349 and 350: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 341 will overc
Page 351 and 352: CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 343 examine wi
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 345 crust alon
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CAMPBELL S MECHANISM 347 NORTH POLE
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 349 wedge, whi
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CAMPBELLS MECHANISM 351 place to pl
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 353 ment sugge
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 355 near the e
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 357 more impro
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 359 itself, bu
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 361 being push
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 363 the earth,
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 365 considerab
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 367 tributes t
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 369 hoping tha
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 371 feet will
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 373 surface. A
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 375 as a resul
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 377 termined b
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XII : CONCLUSION i. Looking Forward
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CONCLUSION 381 sized by Brown, that
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CONCLUSION 383 the progressive weak
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CONCLUSION 385 while to mention Ewi
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CONCLUSION 387 present time are dis
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CONCLUSION 389 Frazer, author of th
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Dear Mr. Hapgood, APPENDIX Princeto
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GLOSSARY ANOMALY, Positive: An exce
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GLOSSARY 395 suit from the adaptati
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 397 17. Bailey, Thomas
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 399 58. Bucher, Walter
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 4O1 98. Daly, R. A., O
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136. Emiliani, Cesare, personal com
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 405 sonian Institution
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 407 *io. Hess, H. H.,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 409 of the American As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 411 The Shifting in Po
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 413 3i6a. Nddai, Arpad
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 415 354. Reid, Harry F
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 417 404. Stetson, H. C
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 419 438. Urey, Harold
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INDEX OF NAMES Abrons, Stanley Howa
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Hubbert, M. King, 160 Humphreys, W.
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INDEX OF SUBJECTS Academy of Scienc
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continents, ancient (Brooks the- or
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Antarctica, asthenosphere, burst- i
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Greenland, amphibians INDEX OF SUBJ
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measurements of in Greenland, 381;
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ocean basins, origin unexplained, 1
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selection pressure, mild, 318; stro
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