The Earth's Shifting Crust by Charles Hapgood - wire of information

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276 EARTH S SHIFTING CRUST I S 90* 85' WEST FROM GREENWICH T 95* 90* EAST FROM GREENWICH Fig. VII. Antarctica: Three Earlier Locations of the South Pole A corresponds to the North Pole in Alaska, B to the North Pole in Green- land, and G to the North Pole in Hudson Bay. Positions are approximate. At a still earlier time, western Canada may have lain at the pole, and this may account for the so-called Illinoisan glaciation the ice age that preceded the Sangamon Inter- glacial. However, since the quantity of the evidence declines
EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 277 by a geometrical progression as we go backwards, clearly these earliest suggested positions for the crust are of value only as guides to research. I am suggesting three displacements of the crust in the last 130,000 years, the intervals between being of the order of 30,000 or 40,000 years. Considering the fact that the Wisconsin glaciation, if it started about 50,000 years ago, had an over-all span of about 40,000 years, it is not unreasonable to assume similar spans for the earlier periods, though perhaps we should allow for a considerable variation of their lengths. Whether this rapid pace was maintained all through the earth's history is a matter that perhaps cannot be settled at this time; however, I will discuss it briefly further on. So far as the Pleistocene is concerned, Suess and Emiliani, at least, see evidence that major climatic change did take place at that rate (409:357). Their explanation that climatic changes resulted from the cyclical astronomical curve of solar radiation is not convincing, for reasons already made clear. Much of the evidence that I will use to support this suggested series of is displacements in the form of cross sections of sedimentary deposits, called cores, which often singly em- brace very long periods of time. Rather than discuss each core separately, the simplest method will be to assemble the evidence from all the cores, so far as it bears on each suggested polar position in turn. The lines of evidence include marine cores from the Arctic, Antarctic, North Atlantic, Equatorial Atlantic, and South Pacific Oceans, and the Caribbean Sea; many radiocarbon and oxygen isotope findings, pollen studies, and various evidences relating to the interglacial periods. The purpose of the presentation of this evidence will be to explain the known major climatic changes of the last 130,000 years, in terms of displacements of the earth's crust. Before attempting this reconstruction of the glacial history of the late Pleistocene Epoch, however, we must first discuss some of the current ideas in this field.
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Earth's Shifting Crust A Key to Som
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to FRED, WILLIE, PRU, and MARY G.
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the Earth, 116; 9. Changing Sea Lev
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. I. The C
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FOREWORD by Albert Einstein I frequ
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AUTHOR'S NOTE: To the Layman and th
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When it comes time
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 correspondence, a
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9 lord Simpson, Maj
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INTRODUCTION 11 cists. The new idea
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INTRODUCTION 1$ the earth. They hav
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INTRODUCTION 15 time, a point near
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INTRODUCTION 1? eccentricity would,
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INTRODUCTION 19 first step must be
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INTRODUCTION 21 of displacement, to
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TABLE I The Geological Periods INTR
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 25 pos
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 2? lon
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PAST THEORIES OF FOLAR SHIFT 2Q gra
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PAST THEORIES OF BOLAR SHIFT gl of
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT gj the
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THEICEAGES 35 yet no theory is gene
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THEICEAGES 37 extended 1100 miles t
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THEICEAGES 39 conflict with basic p
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THE ICE AGES 41 or third region; bu
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THE ICE AGES 43 canic dust and carb
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THEICEAGES 45 years. To a geologist
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THEICEAGES 47 revelation that the l
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THEICEAGES 49 Recent geological lit
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THE ICE AGES 51 The period 133,000-
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THEICEAGES 53 bottom of the Ross Se
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THE ICE AGES 55 tween 6,000 and 4,0
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THE ICE AGES 57 e. It must solve th
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 59 can, however, b
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6l directions of o
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6j region: ' 'Larg
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Wallace describes the flora of the
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 67 in earlier ages
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 69 nian to the Eoc
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 71 Pauly cites ano
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 73 zones at the pr
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 75 tive tool with
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 77 Very possibly M
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IV : THE MOUNTAINS PART I. The Fold
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THE MOUNTAINS 8l Sierra Nevada Moun
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THE MOUNTAINS 8j the earth. The dou
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THE MOUNTAINS 87 ing. Joly attempte
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THE MOUNTAINS 91 ments and possibly
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THE MOUNTAINS 93 termine the precis
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THE MOUNTAINS 95 NORTH POLE POSITIO
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THEMOUNTAINS 97 see, fractures in a
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THEMOUNTAINS 99 would rise in the c
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THE MOUNTAINS 1O1 The amount of the
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THE MOUNTAINS There is still one de
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THE MOUNTAINS 105 The recognition w
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THE MOUNTAINS 107 displacement, and
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THE MOUNTAINS Europe was nowhere ne
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THE MOUNTAINS 111 PART II. Volcanis
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THE MOUNTAINS 11$ all the way from
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THE MOUNTAINS 117 of the earth. Sma
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THE MOUNTAINS to its present latitu
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ward by a shift of the whole crust,
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THE MOUNTAINS 12$ crust, and these
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THE MOUNTAINS 125 It follows that w
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In another place he says: THE MOUNT
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THE MOUNTAINS 12Q plete. It has bee
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THE MOUNTAINS 1J1 much more continu
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 1J3 avo
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 135 ref
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 137 dee
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 13 feel
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 141 It
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 143 and
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 145 one
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 147 reg
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 149 the
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 15! com
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 153 cha
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 155 Fig
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CONTINENTS AND OCEAN BASINS 157 It
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 159 ance and
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH l6l to yield
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 163 ment wit
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 165 ing gene
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 167 of water
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 169 as winte
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 171 the flow
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 173 the crus
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 175 lithosph
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 177 gravitat
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 179 distorti
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH l8l is a dev
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 183 supposes
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 185 justment
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 187 siderabl
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: his : rock It is not easy to reco
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THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 1Q1 I have n
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VII : NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE In
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE he could
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 1Q7 An ei
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE than is t
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2O1 gin o
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2OJ Assum
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 205 A spe
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE ago (242:
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 2OQ think
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 211 facts
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE radiocarb
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 215 that
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 217 rebou
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE the meeti
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 221 varia
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 22J from
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Page 235 and 236: VIII : THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS When t
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Page 251 and 252: THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24$ "Lovelock
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Page 257 and 258: THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24Q mainly on
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Page 265 and 266: THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 257 this isn'
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Page 281 and 282: EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 273
Page 283: EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 275
Page 299 and 300: SAND > POLLEN PERCENTAGE 10 20 30 4
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Page 307 and 308: EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST teri
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Page 323 and 324: X : LIFE In the preceding chapters
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LIFE 327 continent of Asia, but als
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LIFE 329 reconsider it in terms of
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LIFE 331 could utilize it, but afte
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LIFE 333 species can be compared wi
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LIFE 335 the pre-Cambrian, and ther
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LIFE 337 If a species becomes extin
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LIFE 339 of crust displacement is q
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 341 will overc
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 343 examine wi
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 345 crust alon
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CAMPBELL S MECHANISM 347 NORTH POLE
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 349 wedge, whi
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CAMPBELLS MECHANISM 351 place to pl
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 353 ment sugge
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 355 near the e
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 357 more impro
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 359 itself, bu
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 361 being push
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 363 the earth,
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 365 considerab
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 367 tributes t
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 369 hoping tha
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 371 feet will
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 373 surface. A
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 375 as a resul
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 377 termined b
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XII : CONCLUSION i. Looking Forward
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CONCLUSION 381 sized by Brown, that
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CONCLUSION 383 the progressive weak
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CONCLUSION 385 while to mention Ewi
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CONCLUSION 387 present time are dis
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CONCLUSION 389 Frazer, author of th
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Dear Mr. Hapgood, APPENDIX Princeto
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GLOSSARY ANOMALY, Positive: An exce
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GLOSSARY 395 suit from the adaptati
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 397 17. Bailey, Thomas
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 399 58. Bucher, Walter
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 4O1 98. Daly, R. A., O
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136. Emiliani, Cesare, personal com
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 405 sonian Institution
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 407 *io. Hess, H. H.,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 409 of the American As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 411 The Shifting in Po
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 413 3i6a. Nddai, Arpad
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 415 354. Reid, Harry F
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 417 404. Stetson, H. C
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 419 438. Urey, Harold
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INDEX OF NAMES Abrons, Stanley Howa
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Hubbert, M. King, 160 Humphreys, W.
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INDEX OF SUBJECTS Academy of Scienc
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continents, ancient (Brooks the- or
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Antarctica, asthenosphere, burst- i
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Greenland, amphibians INDEX OF SUBJ
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measurements of in Greenland, 381;
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ocean basins, origin unexplained, 1
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selection pressure, mild, 318; stro
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