The Earth's Shifting Crust by Charles Hapgood - wire of information

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164 EARTH'S SHIFTING CRUST it makes no difference whether the excess mass that creates the centrifugal effect is constituted of ice or whether it is in part constituted of rock. It may be concluded, therefore, that the isostatic process itself is ineffective in counteracting the centrifugal effects of icecaps. We may conclude, then, first that the rate at which isostasy may work is too slow to keep up with the deposition of the ice; and second, that in so far as it does work it will not elimi- nate the centrifugal effect of the uncompensated mass, but will merely substitute rock for ice. 2. The Antarctic Icecap Is Growing The theory presented in this book requires, of course, that a polar icecap should grow, and continue to grow, though not perhaps steadily, until it is big enough to move the crust. In this connection it is important to examine certain current ideas about the Antarctic icecap. It is widely believed that the Antarctic icecap, like some ice fields in the Northern Hemisphere, is in recession, and was once greater than it is now. This is a mistaken impression, the error of which can be easily shown, even without any more data from Antarctica. I will venture to remark, indeed, that any further data from that continent are likely to show that the icecap there is in a phase of rapid expansion. I will begin with the northern ice fields, about which more is known. There is no doubt that most of them are melting, but the exceptions are very significant. These include the Greenland icecap, which appears to be holding its own (after having considerably expanded since the Viking settlements there during the Middle Ages), and the Baffinland icecap, which is growing. The mountain glaciers of the American northwest have, apparently, started a readvance (329). The most important fact regarding those northern ice fields that have been in retreat is that their retreat began only about the year 1850, and that, before that, they were expand-
THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 165 ing generally for about 300 years. Between 1550 and 1850 the old Viking settlements in Greenland were overwhelmed by the advancing ice. From this it follows that the present trend in the northern ice fields is not a long-term trend, but only an oscillation. Therefore, it must not be deduced that we are just getting out of a glacial period, and that all ice fields are retreating and will continue to retreat. Recent weather research has made it plain that alternating climatic phases of slightly colder or warmer temperatures have been the rule for some thousands of years. Such phases would have no connection with any movement of the earth's crust, but are probably related to varying atmospheric fac- tors, such as slight variations in the amount of volcanic dust in the air, or short-term sunspot cycles. It is known that the warmest phase of the climate, since the ice age, occurred between 6,000 and 4,000 years ago. This did have a connection with the most recent displacement of the crust, as I will show later on. This warm period is in itself sufficient evidence that there has been no steady warming of the climate since the icecaps melted. It is even true that a slight warming of the climate, such as appears to have occurred since about 1850, may increase precipitation of snow on the Antarctic continent. This sug- gestion has been advanced by a number of meteorologists. It is based on the following reasoning: The Antarctic average temperature is much colder than that of the Arctic. A slight will increase the amount of warming of world temperatures the humidity in the atmosphere. In northern regions, the increased humidity in the world's atmosphere may result in increased rainfall, while in Antarctica, because of the lower temperature, the increased precipitation may mean increased snowfall. Up to the present time, only one impressive body of evidence has been produced to prove that the Antarctic icecap has receded from a former greater extent. This evidence con- sists of numerous indications of ice action on the barren sides of Antarctic mountains as much as 1,000 feet above the
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Earth's Shifting Crust A Key to Som
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to FRED, WILLIE, PRU, and MARY G.
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the Earth, 116; 9. Changing Sea Lev
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. I. The C
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FOREWORD by Albert Einstein I frequ
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AUTHOR'S NOTE: To the Layman and th
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS When it comes time
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 7 correspondence, a
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 9 lord Simpson, Maj
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INTRODUCTION 11 cists. The new idea
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INTRODUCTION 1$ the earth. They hav
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INTRODUCTION 15 time, a point near
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INTRODUCTION 1? eccentricity would,
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INTRODUCTION 19 first step must be
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INTRODUCTION 21 of displacement, to
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TABLE I The Geological Periods INTR
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 25 pos
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT 2? lon
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PAST THEORIES OF FOLAR SHIFT 2Q gra
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PAST THEORIES OF BOLAR SHIFT gl of
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PAST THEORIES OF POLAR SHIFT gj the
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THEICEAGES 35 yet no theory is gene
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THEICEAGES 37 extended 1100 miles t
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THEICEAGES 39 conflict with basic p
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THE ICE AGES 41 or third region; bu
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THE ICE AGES 43 canic dust and carb
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THEICEAGES 45 years. To a geologist
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THEICEAGES 47 revelation that the l
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THEICEAGES 49 Recent geological lit
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THE ICE AGES 51 The period 133,000-
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THEICEAGES 53 bottom of the Ross Se
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THE ICE AGES 55 tween 6,000 and 4,0
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THE ICE AGES 57 e. It must solve th
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 59 can, however, b
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6l directions of o
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 6j region: ' 'Larg
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Wallace describes the flora of the
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 67 in earlier ages
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 69 nian to the Eoc
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 71 Pauly cites ano
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 73 zones at the pr
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 75 tive tool with
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ANCIENT CLIMATES 77 Very possibly M
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IV : THE MOUNTAINS PART I. The Fold
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THE MOUNTAINS 8l Sierra Nevada Moun
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THE MOUNTAINS 8j the earth. The dou
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THE MOUNTAINS 87 ing. Joly attempte
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THE MOUNTAINS 91 ments and possibly
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THE MOUNTAINS 93 termine the precis
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THE MOUNTAINS 95 NORTH POLE POSITIO
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THEMOUNTAINS 97 see, fractures in a
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THEMOUNTAINS 99 would rise in the c
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THE MOUNTAINS 1O1 The amount of the
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THE MOUNTAINS There is still one de
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THE MOUNTAINS 105 The recognition w
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THE MOUNTAINS 107 displacement, and
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THE MOUNTAINS Europe was nowhere ne
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Page 167 and 168: THE SHAPE OF THE EARTH 159 ance and
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 215 that
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 217 rebou
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE the meeti
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 221 varia
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 22J from
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NORTH AMERICA AT THE POLE 225 by th
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VIII : THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS When t
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 229 2. The Ma
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 231 tions fro
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS favorable cir
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS standing. The
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 237 it is not
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 239 perfect c
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 241 Siberian
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24$ "Lovelock
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 245 tinguishe
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 247 trict. .
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 24Q mainly on
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 251 we would
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 253 enough du
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 255 following
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 257 this isn'
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 259 imbedded
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS g6l limestone
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 263 greater o
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 265 tected co
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 267 in which
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 269 be preser
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THE GREAT EXTINCTIONS 271 are today
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 273
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SAND > POLLEN PERCENTAGE 10 20 30 4
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 2Q3
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST P-12
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 2Q7
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST teri
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST 40 5
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST It a
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST Jll
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EARLIER DISPLACEMENTS OF CRUST the
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X : LIFE In the preceding chapters
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LIFE 317 an entirely accidental pro
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LIFE totally inconceivable unless i
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LIFE 321 to find the conditions the
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LIFE 323 to mean increased competit
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LIFE .325 lifted, the sea will with
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LIFE 327 continent of Asia, but als
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LIFE 329 reconsider it in terms of
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LIFE 331 could utilize it, but afte
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LIFE 333 species can be compared wi
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LIFE 335 the pre-Cambrian, and ther
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LIFE 337 If a species becomes extin
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LIFE 339 of crust displacement is q
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 341 will overc
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 343 examine wi
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 345 crust alon
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CAMPBELL S MECHANISM 347 NORTH POLE
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 349 wedge, whi
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CAMPBELLS MECHANISM 351 place to pl
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 353 ment sugge
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 355 near the e
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 357 more impro
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 359 itself, bu
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 361 being push
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 363 the earth,
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 365 considerab
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 367 tributes t
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 369 hoping tha
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 371 feet will
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 373 surface. A
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 375 as a resul
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CAMPBELL'S MECHANISM 377 termined b
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XII : CONCLUSION i. Looking Forward
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CONCLUSION 381 sized by Brown, that
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CONCLUSION 383 the progressive weak
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CONCLUSION 385 while to mention Ewi
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CONCLUSION 387 present time are dis
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CONCLUSION 389 Frazer, author of th
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Dear Mr. Hapgood, APPENDIX Princeto
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GLOSSARY ANOMALY, Positive: An exce
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GLOSSARY 395 suit from the adaptati
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 397 17. Bailey, Thomas
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 399 58. Bucher, Walter
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 4O1 98. Daly, R. A., O
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136. Emiliani, Cesare, personal com
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 405 sonian Institution
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 407 *io. Hess, H. H.,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 409 of the American As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 411 The Shifting in Po
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 413 3i6a. Nddai, Arpad
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 415 354. Reid, Harry F
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 417 404. Stetson, H. C
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 419 438. Urey, Harold
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INDEX OF NAMES Abrons, Stanley Howa
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Hubbert, M. King, 160 Humphreys, W.
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INDEX OF SUBJECTS Academy of Scienc
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continents, ancient (Brooks the- or
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Antarctica, asthenosphere, burst- i
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Greenland, amphibians INDEX OF SUBJ
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measurements of in Greenland, 381;
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ocean basins, origin unexplained, 1
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selection pressure, mild, 318; stro
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