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This document has not been fully peer reviewed and ong>theong> ong>informationong> within is not validated nor endorsed by ong>theong> TWG on LVIC-S or by ong>theong> European Commission, it is meant for ong>informationong>, only The production of sodium sulphate should itself be considered as a pollution control process, as ong>theong> waste stream would oong>theong>rwise go to effluent [64, CEFIC-SSPA, 2004]. The quantity of ong>theong> sodium sulphate by-product depends on ong>theong> production capabilities of ong>theong> primary product and, in principle, all ong>theong>se processes use Glauber’s salt as ong>theong> raw material. The calcination of Glauber’s salt, followed by ong>theong> crystallisation and drying of ong>theong> sodium sulphate always depends on ong>theong> individual layout and technical arrangements of ong>theong> installations, as well as linkages to various sources of energy. Pollution of ong>theong> environment ong>duringong> ong>theong> production of sodium sulphate from Glauber’s salt is very low. It should be noted, however, that ong>theong> six main process routes for Na2SO4 production which have been formerly described as ‘Techniques to consider in ong>theong> determination of BAT’ in ong>theong> LVIC-S BREF section on sodium sulphate, have, in principle (with some exception regarding ong>theong> Mannheim process), ong>theong> same environmental benefit (i.e. ong>theong>y use a by-product Na2SO4 which oong>theong>rwise would have to be discharged to waste waters). This means that ong>theong>y reduce ong>theong> environmental impact of ong>theong> industries in which Na2SO4 is formed as a waste (or by-product) stream. They are, ong>theong>refore, techniques to consider in ong>theong> determination of BAT for ong>theong> industries in which Na2SO4 is formed as a waste stream. They do not reduce ong>theong> emission and energy consumption levels of ong>theong> Na2SO4 production processes ong>theong>mselves (as given in ong>theong> ‘Current emission and energy consumption levels’ Section above) and, ong>theong>refore, ong>theong>y are NOT techniques to consider in ong>theong> determination of BAT for ong>theong> production of sodium sulphate. As no clear BAT conclusions could be drawn for ong>theong> production of sodium sulphate, it was considered reasonable to remove ong>theong> six ‘Techniques to consider in ong>theong> determination of BAT’ from ong>theong> BAT Reference Document on LVIC-S, and to move ong>theong> whole section on sodium sulphate from ong>theong> BREF on LVIC-S to this “ong>Additionalong> ong>Informationong> ong>submittedong> ong>duringong> ong>theong> ong>informationong> ong>exchangeong> on Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals – Solid and Oong>theong>rs Industry” document, which is associated with and closely related to ong>theong> BREF on LVIC-S. 30

This document has not been fully peer reviewed and ong>theong> ong>informationong> within is not validated nor endorsed by ong>theong> TWG on LVIC-S or by ong>theong> European Commission, it is meant for ong>informationong>, only 1.7 Zinc chloride Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is one of several important members of ong>theong> Zn-family of inorganic compounds. The technological network of zinc chemical compounds, illustrating ong>theong> linkages among ong>theong> Zn-family members (ZnCl2, ZnO and ZnSO4 among ong>theong>m) and major applications of ong>theong> Zn-based final products is shown in Figure 1.16, [83, UNIDO, 1988]. Zinc chloride is produced and shipped eiong>theong>r as a 47 % solution in water or as an anhydrous solid salt. Among its uses, wood preservation, electric batteries and minor applications in fibres treatment, etc. should be mentioned [6, CEFIC, 2002]. Zinc chloride is produced by ong>theong> reaction of a hydrochloric acid solution with zinc metal, zinc scraps or zinc oxide. If needed, ong>theong> solution leaving ong>theong> reactor is freed from its heavy metals contaminants by chemical reactions with an alkali or an alkali plus oxidant which results in ong>theong>ir precipitation under ong>theong> form of hydroxide and are removed by filtration. When solid zinc chloride is needed, this is obtained by furong>theong>r evaporation and cooling of ong>theong> solution, until zinc chloride crystallises [6, CEFIC, 2002]. Air dust emissions are due to ong>theong> handling of ong>theong> zinc chloride crystals and may include particles. Water streams arise from ong>theong> evaporation, and have traces of contaminants. Generation of solid wastes is negligible [6, CEFIC, 2002]. Ore Conc. ZnCO 3 H 3 PO 4 HCI H 2 SO 4 HNO 3 CO2 Heat Zn (H 2 PO 4 ) 2 ZnCl 2 Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ZnO Ore Conc. Zn H 2 SO 4 O 2 ZnSO 4 (C) and heat Cadmium salts H 2 S Electrolysis Stearic acid NaOH Redphosphor Figure 1.16: Technological network of zinc chemical compounds Based on [83, UNIDO, 1988] No furong>theong>r ong>informationong> provided. Zn (O2) C 36 H 70 O 4 Zn Zn (OH) 2 Zn 5 P 2 Pure ZnO H 2 O 2 ZnO 2 Paint primer Dryer Stabiliser Intermediate Filler in rubber Galvanising Cellulose Disinfectant Textile Textile Catalyst Rat poison Filler Glass Pigment Enamel Alloys Coating Medicine Cosmetics Herbicide Galvanisation Pigment Disinfectant 31

This document has not been fully peer reviewed and <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>informati<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> within is not validated nor endorsed by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> TWG<br />

<strong>on</strong> LVIC-S or by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> European Commissi<strong>on</strong>, it is meant for <str<strong>on</strong>g>informati<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g>, <strong>on</strong>ly<br />

1.7 Zinc chloride<br />

Zinc chloride (ZnCl2) is <strong>on</strong>e of several important members of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Zn-family of inorganic<br />

compounds. The technological network of zinc chemical compounds, illustrating <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> linkages<br />

am<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Zn-family members (ZnCl2, ZnO and ZnSO4 am<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m) and major applicati<strong>on</strong>s of<br />

<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Zn-based final products is shown in Figure 1.16, [83, UNIDO, 1988].<br />

Zinc chloride is produced and shipped ei<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r as a 47 % soluti<strong>on</strong> in water or as an anhydrous<br />

solid salt. Am<strong>on</strong>g its uses, wood preservati<strong>on</strong>, electric batteries and minor applicati<strong>on</strong>s in fibres<br />

treatment, etc. should be menti<strong>on</strong>ed [6, CEFIC, 2002].<br />

Zinc chloride is produced by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> reacti<strong>on</strong> of a hydrochloric acid soluti<strong>on</strong> with zinc metal, zinc<br />

scraps or zinc oxide. If needed, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> soluti<strong>on</strong> leaving <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> reactor is freed from its heavy metals<br />

c<strong>on</strong>taminants by chemical reacti<strong>on</strong>s with an alkali or an alkali plus oxidant which results in <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir<br />

precipitati<strong>on</strong> under <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> form of hydroxide and are removed by filtrati<strong>on</strong>. When solid zinc<br />

chloride is needed, this is obtained by fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r evaporati<strong>on</strong> and cooling of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> soluti<strong>on</strong>, until zinc<br />

chloride crystallises [6, CEFIC, 2002].<br />

Air dust emissi<strong>on</strong>s are due to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> handling of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> zinc chloride crystals and may include<br />

particles. Water streams arise from <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> evaporati<strong>on</strong>, and have traces of c<strong>on</strong>taminants.<br />

Generati<strong>on</strong> of solid wastes is negligible [6, CEFIC, 2002].<br />

Ore C<strong>on</strong>c.<br />

ZnCO 3<br />

H 3 PO 4<br />

HCI<br />

H 2 SO 4<br />

HNO 3<br />

CO2 Heat<br />

Zn (H 2 PO 4 ) 2<br />

ZnCl 2<br />

Zn(NO 3 ) 2<br />

ZnO<br />

Ore C<strong>on</strong>c.<br />

Zn<br />

H 2 SO 4<br />

O 2<br />

ZnSO 4<br />

(C) and heat<br />

Cadmium salts<br />

H 2 S<br />

Electrolysis<br />

Stearic acid<br />

NaOH<br />

Redphosphor<br />

Figure 1.16: Technological network of zinc chemical compounds<br />

Based <strong>on</strong> [83, UNIDO, 1988]<br />

No fur<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>informati<strong>on</strong></str<strong>on</strong>g> provided.<br />

Zn<br />

(O2)<br />

C 36 H 70 O 4 Zn<br />

Zn (OH) 2<br />

Zn 5 P 2<br />

Pure ZnO<br />

H 2 O 2<br />

ZnO 2<br />

Paint primer<br />

Dryer<br />

Stabiliser<br />

Intermediate<br />

Filler in rubber<br />

Galvanising<br />

Cellulose<br />

Disinfectant<br />

Textile<br />

Textile<br />

Catalyst<br />

Rat pois<strong>on</strong><br />

Filler<br />

Glass<br />

Pigment<br />

Enamel<br />

Alloys<br />

Coating<br />

Medicine<br />

Cosmetics<br />

Herbicide<br />

Galvanisati<strong>on</strong><br />

Pigment<br />

Disinfectant<br />

31

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