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This document has not been fully peer reviewed and <strong>the</strong> <strong>information</strong> within is not validated nor endorsed by <strong>the</strong> TWG
on LVIC-S or by <strong>the</strong> European Commission, it is meant for <strong>information</strong>, only
Emissions to water are given in Table 1.11.
Process
Volume of
waste water Cl- SO4 2- NO3 - NH4 + F -
COD
Suspended
matter
m 3 /t Na2SO4 kg/t kg/t kg/t kg/t kg/t ppm mg/l
All SSPA
except natural 0 – 5 0 – 1.1 0.00006 – 20.0 0 0 0 0 – 60 * 0 – 5 *
*No data available for some processes
Table 1.11: Sodium sulphate production – emissions to water (aggregated data: min – max)
[64, CEFIC-SSPA, 2004]
Emissions of solid residues are given in Table 1.12.
Process
All SSPA
except natural
Solid waste
tonne/tonne Na2SO4
0 – 0.002
in total
Nature of
residue
Contaminated salts
Various solid waste
Metals
Destination/
Re-use
Landfill
Landfill/Incineration
Recycling
Table 1.12: Sodium sulphate production – solid residues (aggregated data: min –max)
[64, CEFIC-SSPA, 2004]
Energy consumption in <strong>the</strong> production of sodium sulphate is given in Table 1.13.
Process Electricity
kWh/t Na2SO4
O<strong>the</strong>rs (coal, fuel, gas,
hydrogen, etc.)
kWh/t Na2SO4
Total energy
consumption
kWh/t Na2SO4
All SSPA except natural 0.17 – 237 0 – 1540 120 – 1660
Table 1.13: Sodium sulphate production - energy consumption (aggregated data: min - max)
[64, CEFIC-SSPA, 2004]
Production of sodium sulphate as a by-product has a positive impact on <strong>the</strong> environment. All <strong>the</strong>
processes described in this section are treating a stream from its primary process and turning it
into a useful product (or by-product). It is a classic example of sustainable development where a
potential waste from one industry has useful applications in o<strong>the</strong>r fields.
1.6.4 Techniques to consider in <strong>the</strong> determination of BAT
Apart from being produced from naturally occurring sources (mining), sodium sulphate is
produced as a by-product from different chemical processes such as rayon production,
chromium chemicals, hydrochloric acid, methionine, and formic acid. As <strong>the</strong> sodium sulphate
derived from <strong>the</strong>se chemical processes could be considered as a by-product, <strong>the</strong> six main
processes described in Section 1.6.2 have been taken into account when analysing techniques to
consider in <strong>the</strong> determination of BAT for <strong>the</strong> production of sodium sulphate. This is because all
of <strong>the</strong>m – except <strong>the</strong> Mannheim furnace process, dedicated for <strong>the</strong> co-production of HCl as a
main product and sodium sulphate as a co-product – are, in principle, recovery processes and
<strong>the</strong>ir application in <strong>the</strong> industrial practice reduces <strong>the</strong> impact of several o<strong>the</strong>r industries on <strong>the</strong>
environment [64, CEFIC-SSPA, 2004], [EIPPCB, 2004-2005 #85].
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