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This document has not been fully peer reviewed and <strong>the</strong> <strong>information</strong> within is not validated nor endorsed by <strong>the</strong> TWG on LVIC-S or by <strong>the</strong> European Commission, it is meant for <strong>information</strong>, only Due to different types of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) with different aluminium contents, all tonnage related data are normalised to one common PAC with a content of 9 % aluminium and are calculated on this basis. About 520000 tonnes of PAC were produced in Europe in 2002 at about 17 locations [89, CEFIC-INCOPA, 2004]. 1.1.1.2 Process description 1.1.1.2.1 Aluminium hydroxy chloride Aluminium hydroxy chloride is formed directly by <strong>the</strong> digestion of aluminium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid in an under-stoichiometric reaction. The reaction is carried out at a temperature between 140 and 160 °C and pressure between 3 and 5 bars. After <strong>the</strong> reaction, insoluble aluminium hydroxide is removed by filtration and is used again at <strong>the</strong> beginning of <strong>the</strong> process. The clear liquid is conditioned with water to become <strong>the</strong> finished product of a well defined quality. 2 Al(OH)3 + HCl F Alx(OH)yClz + H2O The process diagram of <strong>the</strong> manufacture of aluminium hydroxy chloride is given in Figure 1.1. Al(OH) 3 HCl Reaction Filtration Unreacted Al(OH) 3 PAC Figure 1.1: Process flow diagram – manufacture of aluminium hydroxy chloride [89, CEFIC-INCOPA, 2004] 1.1.1.2.2 Aluminium hydroxy chloride sulphate Aluminium hydroxy chloride sulphate is formed by <strong>the</strong> digestion of aluminium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid and sulphuric acid. The reaction is carried out at a temperature between 105 and 115 °C. The reaction solution is partially neutralised by CaCO3 slurry to remove excessive sulphate by forming gypsum (CaSO4 . 2 H2O). The mo<strong>the</strong>r liquor is separated from <strong>the</strong> gypsum by filtration. The gypsum is washed and <strong>the</strong> washing water is used to condition <strong>the</strong> product. Al(OH)3 + HCl + H2SO4 + CaCO3 F Alp(OH)qClr(SO4)s + H2O + CaSO4 + CO2 The process diagram of <strong>the</strong> manufacture of aluminium hydroxy chloride sulphate is given in Figure 1.2.
This document has not been fully peer reviewed and <strong>the</strong> <strong>information</strong> within is not validated nor endorsed by <strong>the</strong> TWG on LVIC-S or by <strong>the</strong> European Commission, it is meant for <strong>information</strong>, only H 2SO 4 HCl Al(OH) 3 Reaction Conditioning PAC Washing water Mo<strong>the</strong>r liquor Neutralisation Filtration CaSO 4*2H 2O CaCO 3 Water Figure 1.2: Process flow diagram – manufacture of aluminium hydroxy chloride sulphate [89, CEFIC-INCOPA, 2004] 1.1.1.3 Current consumption and emission levels 1.1.1.3.1 Aluminium hydroxy chloride Typical consumption and emission values are given in Table 1.1. Consumption of energy and water Energy consumption kWh/t product 600 Water consumption m 3 /t product 1.5 Emissions to air Chemical Emission kg/t product Emission concentration limit HCl 0.01 500 mg/Nm 3 Emissions to water Chemical Emission kg/t product Comments HCl 0.8 Water is mostly recycled Waste to land Chemical Waste kg/t product Comments Al(OH)3 12 Mostly recycled Table 1.1: Typical consumption and emission values – aluminium hydroxy chloride [89, CEFIC-INCOPA, 2004] 1.1.1.3.2 Aluminium hydroxy chloride sulphate Typical consumption and emission values are given in Table 1.2 Consumption of energy and water Energy consumption kWh/t product 200 Water consumption m 3 /t product 15 Emissions to air Chemical Emission kg/t product Emission concentration limit HCl 0.2 500 mg/Nm 3 Emissions to water Chemical Emission kg/t product Comments HCl 35 Scrubber water CaSO4 3800 Water with gypsum Waste to land Chemical Waste kg/t product Comments Gypsum, Al(OH)3 1.5 Table 1.2: Typical consumption and emission values – aluminium hydroxy chloride sulphate [89, CEFIC-INCOPA, 2004] 3
Page 1 and 2: EUROPEAN COMMISSION DIRECTORATE-GEN
Page 3 and 4: 2 PURIFICATION OF NON-FERTILISER GR
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Page 48 and 49: References 41 Solvay S.A. (2003). "
Page 50 and 51: References 95 CEFIC-Brunner Mond (2
Page 52 and 53: Glossary SS Suspended Solids (conte
Page 54 and 55: Glossary Ca 2+ Calcium ion CaC2 Cal
Page 56: Glossary (NH4)2SO4 Ammonium sulphat

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